This file was created by the TYPO3 extension publications --- Timezone: CEST Creation date: 2026-06-13 Creation time: 03:45:02 --- Number of references 111 article Dergachev2017877 An inhomogeneous time series of measurements of the percentage content of biogenic silica in the samples of joint cores BDP-96-1 and BDP-96-2 from the bottom of Lake Baikal drilled at a depth of 321 m under water has been analyzed. The composite depth of cores is 77 m, which covers the Pleistocene Epoch to 1.8 Ma. The time series was reduced to a regular form with a time step of 1 kyr, which allowed 16 distinct quasi-periodic components with periods from 19 to 251 kyr to be revealed in this series at a significance level of their amplitudes exceeding 4σ. For this, the combined spectral periodogram (a modification of the spectral analysis method) was used. Some of the revealed quasi-harmonics are related to the characteristic cyclical oscillations of the Earth’s orbital parameters. Special focus was payed to the temporal change in the parameters of the revealed quasi-harmonic components over the Pleistocene Epoch, which was studied by constructing the spectral density of the analyzed data in the running window of 201 and 701 kyr. © 2017, Pleiades Publishing, Ltd. Article 2017 English 00167932 10.1134/S0016793217070052 Geomagnetism and Aeronomy 57 Maik Nauka-Interperiodica Publishing 877 – 885 7 https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85042514067&doi=10.1134%2fS0016793217070052&partnerID=40&md5=945f766e2412ac49e03468d1bc12b82d Cited by: 0 V.A. Dergachev P.B. Dmitriev article Wilke2016118 Sedimentary sequences in ancient or long-lived lakes can reach several thousands of meters in thickness and often provide an unrivalled perspective of the lake's regional climatic, environmental, and biological history. Over the last few years, deep-drilling projects in ancient lakes became increasingly multi- and interdisciplinary, as, among others, seismological, sedimentological, biogeochemical, climatic, environmental, paleontological, and evolutionary information can be obtained from sediment cores. However, these multi- and interdisciplinary projects pose several challenges. The scientists involved typically approach problems from different scientific perspectives and backgrounds, and setting up the program requires clear communication and the alignment of interests. One of the most challenging tasks, besides the actual drilling operation, is to link diverse datasets with varying resolution, data quality, and age uncertainties to answer interdisciplinary questions synthetically and coherently. These problems are especially relevant when secondary data, i.e., datasets obtained independently of the drilling operation, are incorporated in analyses. Nonetheless, the inclusion of secondary information, such as isotopic data from fossils found in outcrops or genetic data from extant species, may help to achieve synthetic answers. Recent technological and methodological advances in paleolimnology are likely to increase the possibilities of integrating secondary information. Some of the new approaches have started to revolutionize scientific drilling in ancient lakes, but at the same time, they also add a new layer of complexity to the generation and analysis of sediment-core data. The enhanced opportunities presented by new scientific approaches to study the paleolimnological history of these lakes, therefore, come at the expense of higher logistic, communication, and analytical efforts. Here we review types of data that can be obtained in ancient lake drilling projects and the analytical approaches that can be applied to empirically and statistically link diverse datasets to create an integrative perspective on geological and biological data. In doing so, we highlight strengths and potential weaknesses of new methods and analyses, and provide recommendations for future interdisciplinary deep-drilling projects. © 2016 Elsevier B.V. Review 2016 English 09218181 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2016.05.005 Global and Planetary Change 143 Elsevier B.V. 118 – 151 Biology; Geology; Paleolimnology; Analytical approach; Ancient lakes; Deep drilling; Evolutionary biology; Evolutionary information; Interdisciplinary project; Methodology; Sedimentary sequence; biological survey; core analysis; data quality; deep drilling; evolutionary biology; fossil record; geological theory; integrated approach; lacustrine environment; outcrop; paleolimnology; technological change; Lakes https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84975523752&doi=10.1016%2fj.gloplacha.2016.05.005&partnerID=40&md5=65b5fcf6cccc099d292cd51ee6749ff8 Cited by: 29; All Open Access, Bronze Open Access, Green Open Access Thomas Wilke Bernd Wagner Bert Van Bocxlaer Christian Albrecht Daniel Ariztegui Diana Delicado Alexander Francke Mathias Harzhauser Torsten Hauffe Jens Holtvoeth Janna Just Melanie J. Leng Zlatko Levkov Kirsty Penkman Laura Sadori Alister Skinner Björn Stelbrink Hendrik Vogel Frank Wesselingh Thomas Wonik article Kuzmin20141 Earlier reconstructions of climatic and environmental changes from data of deep-water drilling on the Akademichesky Ridge in Lake Baikal were based both on the content of biogenic silica or the abundance of diatom valves and on the results of X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of the sediment mineralogy. It was established that clay minerals are the main carrier of information about climatic variations in a drainage basin. The content of biogenic silica strictly correlates with two chrystallochemical parameters: the abundance of smectite beds in illite-smectite and the abundance of illite. However, detailed analysis of clay minerals calls for exclusive XRD techniques without mass determination of minerals in the sediments of long Baikal cores. We propose a new approach to determine the mineral composition of bottom sediments, based on their chemical composition. We compared the average chemical compositions of Pleistocene, Pliocene, and Miocene core sediments from the boreholes BDP-96 and BDP-98 and sediments of the Paleo-Barguzin River avandelta and recognized groups of chemical elements marking warm and cold climatic periods. However, the difference in the chemical compositions of sediments in warm and cold periods is insignificant. Since an XRD analysis of mineral composition is usually performed for short time intervals, it was necessary to identify cold and warm intervals by the mineral composition calculated from the chemical composition of sediments. The mineral contents were estimated using the Selektor software. Based on the average contents of chemical elements, we computed the mineral composition of the bottom sediments throughout the BDP-98 section and studied its warm and cold periods. We have established that feldspars weakly respond to climatic changes, their contents show minor variations in warm and cold epochs, whereas the contents of mica minerals change seriously. Thus, clay minerals, together with biogenic silica, are a good indicator of paleoclimatic environmental changes. © 2014 V.S. Sobolev IGM, Siberian Branch of the RAS. Article 2014 English 10687971 10.1016/j.rgg.2013.12.001 Russian Geology and Geophysics 55 1 – 17 1 Akademichesky Ridge; Barguzin River; Buryatia; Lake Baikal; Russian Federation; Bacillariophyta; borehole; chemical composition; clay mineral; climate variation; deep water; drainage basin; environmental change; environmental indicator; Miocene; Pleistocene; Pliocene; reconstruction; sediment chemistry; silica; stratigraphic correlation https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84893019865&doi=10.1016%2fj.rgg.2013.12.001&partnerID=40&md5=a5726c95f4be1b901391ad71015651a2 Cited by: 12 M.I. Kuz'min V.A. Bychinskii E.V. Kerber A.V. Oshchepkova A.V. Goreglyad E.V. Ivanov book koptyug2013sustainable 2013 6 Springer Science & Business Media Valentin A Koptyug Martin Uppenbrink article Prokopenko201031 A synthesis of paleoclimate responses from Lake Baikal during the MIS 11 interglacial is presented based on proxy records from two drill sites 245 km apart. BDP-99 is located in vicinity of the delta of the major Baikal tributary, whereas the BDP-96 site represents hemipelagic setting distant from riverine influence. The comparison of thicknesses of interglacial intervals in these contrasting depositional settings confirms the extended ca. 33-kyr duration of the MIS 11 interglacial. The new BDP-99 diatom biostratigraphic record matches that of the BDP-96-2 holostratotype and thus allows establishing establishes robust correlation between the records on the same orbitally-tuned timescale. The first detailed MIS 11 palynological record from the BDP-99 drill core indicates the dominance of boreal conifer (taiga) forest vegetation in the Baikal region throughout the MIS 11 interglacial, since at least 424 ka till ca. 396 ka. The interval ca. 420-405 ka stands out as a "conifer optimum" with abundant Abies sibirica, indicative of climate significantly warmer and less continental than today. The closest Baikal analog to this type of vegetation in the history of the current Holocene interglacial is at ca. 9-7 ka. The warm conifer phase lasted for ca. 15 kyr during MIS 11 interrupted by two millennial-scale cooling episodes at ca. 411-410 and 405-404 ka. Reconstructed annual precipitation of 450- 550 mm/yr during the MIS 11 interglacial is by ca. 100mm higher than during the Holocene; regional climate was less continental with warmer mean temperatures both in summer and in winter. © Author(s) 2010. Article 2010 English 18149324 10.5194/cp-6-31-2010 Climate of the Past 6 Copernicus GmbH 31 – 48 1 Lake Baikal; Russian Federation; Siberia; Abies; Abies sibirica; Bacillariophyta; Coniferophyta; biostratigraphy; boreal forest; coniferous tree; correlation; diatom; dominance; interglacial; paleoclimate; palynology; proxy climate record; regional climate; timescale; vegetation history https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84860389161&doi=10.5194%2fcp-6-31-2010&partnerID=40&md5=f4749ee229520c3b9cfeb772fd7a797a Cited by: 50; All Open Access, Gold Open Access, Green Open Access A.A. Prokopenko E.V. Bezrukova G.K. Khursevich E.P. Solotchina M.I. Kuzmin P.E. Tarasov article Khanaeva201038 Microbial communities in the bottom sediments of the Akademichesky Ridge, Lake Baikal, were studied. The samples were taken by deep drilling BDP-96 (a 100-m core). Vertical distribution of the prokaryotes with different physiological characteristics was studied for the core. The phylogenetic analysis of the organotrophic laboratory-reared microorganisms revealed the clusterization of Baikal strains and species which have not been identified yet. © Pleiades Publishing, Ltd., 2010. Article 2010 English 19950837 10.1134/S1995082910010050 Inland Water Biology 3 38 – 43 1 Akademichesky Ridge; Lake Baikal; Russian Federation; Prokaryota; deep drilling; lacustrine deposit; microbial community; phylogenetics; physiology; prokaryote; species diversity; vertical distribution https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77949746365&doi=10.1134%2fS1995082910010050&partnerID=40&md5=e14d6d905a21ecd059f77f88a43f7b29 Cited by: 2 T.A. Khanaeva T.I. Zemskaya N.L. Bel'kova O.M. Khlystov B.B. Namsaraev article Prokopenko201026 Lake Baikal basin in the continental interior Asia preserved a unique continuous sedimentary archive of the late Cenozoic; large-scale regional environmental changes of the past were recorded in the composition of fossil diatom flora. Here, the Lake Baikal planktonic diatom biostratigraphy is extended over the Plio-Pleistocene transition, it includes 11 new local diatom assemblage zones (LDAZ) for the time interval 1.25-3.6. Ma. The comparison of the parallel BDP-96-1 and BDP-98 drill core records allows constructing the complete diatom biostratigraphic record at the time of the inception of the Northern Hemisphere glaciations; diatom biostratigraphic zones around Matuyama/Gauss paleomagnetic reversal are correlated with individual stages of marine oxygen isotope stratigraphy. Contrary to previous assumptions, the period 2.8-2.6. Ma in Lake Baikal record was characterized not by a prolonged minimum in diatom abundance but by a distinct maximum in the abundance of small-celled diatom taxa Tertiarius baicalensis and Stephanodiscus binderanus et var. hyalinus, which proliferated in the lake during the interval of relatively warm and humid climate.The Lake Baikal diatom biostratigraphic change at around 1.8. Ma occurs only at a species level of the genus Cyclotella. By contrast, around 2.8-2.5. Ma, spectacular appearances and extinctions occurred at a high taxonomic level of genera (including the genera of Tertiarius, Thalassiobeckia and Stepahanopsis) making the biostratigraphic changes around Matuyama/Gauss reversal more prominent. At least three distinct biostratigraphic boundaries are observed: at 2.69. Ma, 2.65. Ma and at 2.46. Ma. None of these boundaries, however, coincides with the paleomagnetic reversal at 2.58. Ma. Thus the new well-resolved Lake Baikal biostratigraphic record points to the difficulty of assigning a single 'golden spike' biostratigraphic boundary around Matuyama/Gauss paleomagnetic reversal in continental Asia. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd and INQUA. Article 2010 English 10406182 10.1016/j.quaint.2009.09.027 Quaternary International 219 26 – 36 1-2 Lake Baikal; Russian Federation; Bacillariophyta; Cyclotella; Stephanodiscus binderanus; biostratigraphy; Cenozoic; continental interior; diatom; environmental change; glaciation; magnetic reversal; Northern Hemisphere; oxygen isotope; paleomagnetism; plankton; Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77952955213&doi=10.1016%2fj.quaint.2009.09.027&partnerID=40&md5=2cd027b3e6e6833370f3357a78211e26 Cited by: 9 Alexander A. Prokopenko Galina K. Khursevich article Prokopenko2009111 Repetitive patterns in the records of total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN) and δ13Corg observed in the Lake Hovsgol sediment section from HDP-04 drill core reflect past changes in productivity of Lake Hovsgol and in the isotopic composition of the lake's carbon pool. Lake Hovsgol productivity proxy signals are interpreted to represent the response of the Hovsgol lacustrine system to glacial-interglacial cycles of the Pleistocene. This interpretation is supported by the apparent orbitally-forced pattern in the TOC, TN and δ13Corg records of the past 250 ka in the BDP-96-2 drill core from neighboring Lake Baikal. The intervals with independent age control, such as the radiocarbon-dated last glacial-interglacial transition and the paleomagnetic reversals, make it evident that productivity proxy signals are reliable indicators of past cold-to-warm and warm-to-cold climate transitions, as seen from the agreement with the pattern of global climate change in marine δ18O records. The Brunhes/Matuyama reversal during the MIS 19 interglacial coincides with a distinct peak of TOC and TN in the Hovsgol record, similar to the signal during the Holocene interglacial. By contrast, the upper Jaramillo reversal in the Lake Hovsgol record occurs in a diatom-free calcareous interval characterized by minima in TOC, TN and by a 'glacial'-type range of δ13Corg values. In both Lake Baikal and Lake Hovsgol records, peaks in TOC and TN contents help distinguishing past interglacials and interstadials, and isotopically-heaviest δ13Corg values help identify past glacial intervals. An age model for the HDP-04 drill core section is proposed based on recognizing the repetitive patterns in Lake Hovsgol productivity and lithologic records as regional paleoclimate cycles of middle to late Pleistocene. Absolute dates and diatom biostratigraphic correlation ties to the Lake Baikal record are used as key controls. In the proposed age model, the interval 81-24 m in the HDP-04 sediment section below the major unconformity is correlated to MIS 27 through late MIS 13, whereas the upper 24 m of the HDP-04 section is suggested to have recovered the sedimentary record of late MIS 7 to MIS 1. Article 2009 English 10406182 10.1016/j.quaint.2009.02.030 Quaternary International 205 111 – 125 1-2 Asia; Eurasia; Far East; Hvsgol Aymag; Lake Baikal; Mongolia; Russian Federation; Bacillariophyta; biostratigraphy; climate change; diatom; Holocene; interglacial; isotopic composition; lacustrine deposit; nitrogen; paleoclimate; paleoenvironment; Pleistocene; sediment core; total organic carbon https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-68049148361&doi=10.1016%2fj.quaint.2009.02.030&partnerID=40&md5=856916b903f81245f4faf5ccea77eb78 Cited by: 13 A.A. Prokopenko G.K. Khursevich M.I. Kuzmin T. Kawai article demske2008raw1 2008 GFZ Data Services Dieter Demske Georg Heumann Wojciech Granoszewski Malgorzata Nita Kazimiera Mamakowa Pavel Tarasov Hedi Oberhänsli article oberhansli2008water2 2008 GFZ Data Services Hedi Oberhänsli article oberhansli2008water1 2008 GFZ Data Services Hedi Oberhänsli article Phedorin2008445 The analysis of sediment chemistry and biota in drill cores from Lake Khubsugul in Mongolia (KDP-01) and Lake Baikal in Siberia (BDP-96/1), two great Eurasian freshwater lakes, detected prominent climate and biological events at 460-420 and 670 kyrs BP in addition to the orbital cycles of precession, tilt and eccentricity. The revealed long-term events were associated with notable changes in biodiversity and geography/landscapes, mainly in water budgets and weathering patterns. The span between 460-420 and 670 kyrs BP was the time when the climate and geographic conditions differed from those before and after these events. The corresponding 33-24 m (670-460 kyr) interval of the Khubsugul core lacked the usual signature of the Milankovitch glacial/interglacial cycles. Events of approximately these ages were found in some other continental ecosystems and in oceanic δ13C records. The two events may mark the phases of a 300-500-kyr long supercycle (or megastadial) in the evolution of continental ecosystems. Among other causes (e.g., regional tectonic events), this periodicity, being globally correlated, may be associated with the 400-kyr cycle of the Earth's orbital eccentricity. © 2007 Springer Science+Business Media B.V. Article 2008 English 09212728 10.1007/s10933-007-9172-4 Journal of Paleolimnology 40 445 – 452 1 Asia; Eurasia; Far East; Hvsgol Aymag; Lake Baikal; Lake Khubsugul; Mongolia; Russian Federation; biodiversity; biota; carbon isotope; eccentricity; glacial-interglacial cycle; paleolimnology; periodicity; Pleistocene; sediment chemistry; water budget https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-46249084128&doi=10.1007%2fs10933-007-9172-4&partnerID=40&md5=251cb3f8c92eb12e67314582dbb95acd Cited by: 17 Mikhail Albertovich Phedorin Andrey P. Fedotov Svetlana S. Vorobieva Galina A. Ziborova article demske2008raw2 2008 GFZ Data Services Dieter Demske Georg Heumann Wojciech Granoszewski Malgorzata Nita Kazimiera Mamakowa Pavel Tarasov Hedi Oberhänsli article demske2008raw4 2008 GFZ Data Services Dieter Demske Georg Heumann Wojciech Granoszewski Malgorzata Nita Kazimiera Mamakowa Pavel Tarasov Hedi Oberhänsli article demske2008raw5 2008 GFZ Data Services Dieter Demske Georg Heumann Wojciech Granoszewski Malgorzata Nita Kazimiera Mamakowa Pavel Tarasov Hedi Oberhänsli article Ayunov2008291 The Earth's surface topography disturbs the thermal field making measured superficial thermal gradients (heat flow) higher or lower than the deep value. Topographic disturbance can be removed from data by applying the respective correction. We estimated the effect of the rugged bottom of Lake Baikal on thermal gradients from the vicinity of boreholes BDP-93 and BDP-96 drilled in the lake sediments and deep borehole L-2 on the western shore of the South Baikal basin near Listvyanka Village. The corrections were computed using a Monte-Carlo simulation algorithm specially designed to quantify the effect of surface topography on the thermal field. The performance of the algorithm was checked by a test example. The corrections turned out to be vanishing in the area of underwater drilling but significant at L-2 where the thermal gradient in the upper 1 km of rocks was about 20% underestimated. The corrected heat flow in L-2 data increased from 50 to 60 mW/m2 and approached the values measured in the central South Baikal basin. © 2008. Article 2008 English 10687971 10.1016/j.rgg.2007.09.012 Russian Geology and Geophysics 49 291 – 296 4 Eurasia; Lake Baikal; Russian Federation; Calluna vulgaris; algorithm; computer simulation; correction; digital elevation model; estimation method; heat flow; lacustrine deposit; Monte Carlo analysis; performance assessment; temperature gradient; topographic effect https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-41049109820&doi=10.1016%2fj.rgg.2007.09.012&partnerID=40&md5=839992e440561d2813bf47f6353f73a1 Cited by: 2 D.E. Ayunov A.D. Duchkov article Phedorin200840 Assuming orbital modulation of Pleistocene climate cycles, we have generated a new time scale for the Asian geochemical limnic record in the BDP-96-2 Baikal and the KDP-01 Hovsgol cores and updated the chronologies for the global marine δ18O and Vostok ice-gas records. The time scales were obtained by orbital tuning with the assumption of arbitrary but time invariable amplitudes and phase lags of the orbital parameters and responses. The retuned chronologies highlighted the cycles of eccentricity (100 kyr), obliquity (41 kyr), and precession (23 and 19 kyr), but the combined 70- and 30-kyr cycles became less prominent in the continental (Baikal) record though persisted in the global data (Vostok δD). The residual 70- and 30-kyr harmonics more likely result from errors in the untuned chronology for the Baikal record but are rather due to nonlinearity in the climate response. We investigated the leads and lags of orbital climate signals with a special focus on the 100-kyr cycle. The phases of precession, obliquity, and eccentricity cycles, compared among the records, showed the lead of the continent. The Baikal geochemical signal at the 100-kyr band led the global glacial and greenhouse CH4 responses and was almost synchronous with the earliest responding polar temperature signal. The reported results characterize the continent as a system highly responsive to eccentricity variations but do not contradict alternative hypotheses for the origin of the 100-kyr cycle in the Earth's climate history. © 2007. Article 2008 English 10687971 10.1016/j.rgg.2007.12.005 Russian Geology and Geophysics 49 40 – 45 1 chronology; climate cycle; eccentricity; geochemistry; ice core; methane; paleoclimate; Pleistocene https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-37349081302&doi=10.1016%2fj.rgg.2007.12.005&partnerID=40&md5=9ec919862c85caf265fdeb8ff93db8b4 Cited by: 2 M.A. Phedorin E.L. Goldberg article oberhansli2008dry5 2008 GFZ Data Services Hedi Oberhänsli article Heim2008567 Web-based Geographical Information Systems (GIS) are excellent tools within interdisciplinary and multi-national geoscience projects to exchange and visualize project data. The web-based GIS presented in this paper was designed for the paleolimnological project 'High-resolution CONTINENTal paleoclimate record in Lake Baikal' (CONTINENT) (Lake Baikal, Siberia, Russia) to allow the interactive handling of spatial data. The GIS database combines project data (core positions, sample positions, thematic maps) with auxiliary spatial data sets that were downloaded from freely available data sources on the world wide web. The reliability of the external data was evaluated and suitable new spatial datasets were processed according to the scientific questions of the project. GIS analysis of the data was used to assist studies on sediment provenance in Lake Baikal, or to help answer questions such as whether the visualization of present-day vegetation distribution and pollen distribution supports the conclusions derived from palynological analyses. The refined geodata are returned back to the scientific community by using online data publication portals. Data were made citeable by assigning persistent identifiers (DOI) and were published through the German National Library for Science and Technology (TIB Hannover, Hannover, Germany). © 2007 Springer Science+Business Media B.V. Article 2008 English 09212728 10.1007/s10933-007-9131-0 Journal of Paleolimnology 39 567 – 584 4 Eurasia; Lake Baikal; Russian Federation; catchment; data set; GIS; paleoclimate; paleolimnology; palynology; plant; population distribution https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-42149153838&doi=10.1007%2fs10933-007-9131-0&partnerID=40&md5=37a7fab609ed4b7c181872431237a5e2 Cited by: 6; All Open Access, Green Open Access Birgit Heim Jens Klump Hedi Oberhänsli Nathalie Fagel article heim2007continent5 2007 GFZ Data Services Birgit Heim J Klump Alexander Schulze Gangolf Dachnowski Hedi Oberhänsli article Grygar200750 The environmental record from Lake Baikal, Russia, from 310 to 50 ky BP (MIS 9a to MIS 3) was interpreted using rock magnetic, UV-Vis spectral, mineralogical, and diatom analyses. The age model was based on a correlation of the diatom and chemical weathering records and the summer insolation curve at 55°N and checked against an age model based on the proxy of relative palaeointensity of the Earth's magnetic field. Peaks in chemical weathering within the watershed, inferred from maximum concentration of magnetic and coloured minerals and mica, the lowest mean Fe oxidation state in silicates and highs in expandable clay minerals correlated with the Northern Hemisphere summer insolation minima at 55°N. Reconstructed changes in weathering intensity are better correlated to insolation patterns than to global ice volume records. We propose a scheme of yet missing palaeoenvironmental interpretation of the diatom assemblage, including also some extinct species. Aulacoseira baicalensis and Aulacoseira skvortzowii were abundant in the early stages of lake flora recovery immediately after deglaciation and during MIS 7e and MIS 5e; periods of more pronounced continental climate and peak chemical weathering. Stephanodiscus formosus var. minor, Cyclotella minuta and Cyclotella ornata dominated in intervals of decreased seasonality and decreased humidity at the end of most interglacial/interstadial diatom zones. Stephanodiscus grandis, Stephanodiscus carconeiformis and Stephanodiscus formosus were ubiquitous between MIS 8 and MIS 5, an interval marked by high seasonality, i.e., large differences between winter and summer insolation, and low humidity revealed by a low hydrolysis of expandable clay minerals in the watershed. Diatom concentrations peaked in the climatic optima of MIS 7e and MIS 5e and in the short periods marked by shifts to warmer conditions in the upper sections of MIS 5: MIS 5c (103-99 ky BP), MIS 5b (90-88 ky BP), and MIS 5a (84-79 ky BP) in which increased humidity resulted in enhanced hydrolysis of clay minerals. No such short similar climatic optimums were found from MIS 9a to MIS 6. Sharp climate deteriorations recorded in the diatom and clay mineral records at 107, 94, and 87 ky BP, however, occurred within 1-2 ky of cold extremes in North Atlantic sea surface temperature emphasizing the strong teleconnections between the two localities. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Article 2007 English 00310182 10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.03.001 Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 250 50 – 67 1-4 Eurasia; Lake Baikal; Russian Federation; Aulacoseira baicalensis; Aulacoseira skvortzowii; Bacillariophyta; Cyclotella; Cyclotella minuta; Stephanodiscus; climate change; diatom; interglacial; interstadial; lacustrine deposit; magnetic field; Northern Hemisphere; orbital forcing; proxy climate record; record; spectroscopy; watershed; weathering https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-34249293990&doi=10.1016%2fj.palaeo.2007.03.001&partnerID=40&md5=c7beb939f41906f3f8bb58536b53b661 Cited by: 12 Tomas Grygar Anna Bláhová David Hradil Petr Bezdicka Jaroslav Kadlec Petr Schnabl George Swann Hedi Oberhänsli article Fietz2007177 Lake Baikal, an ancient pristine lake in Siberia, has accumulated sediment deposits that span 25 million years. These deposits have the potential to provide a long-term record of climate changes and their interaction with the ecology of the lake. In order to investigate whether sedimentary phytoplankton pigments could be used to reconstruct past changes in total phytoplankton abundance and productivity, we compared the spatial variability in sedimentary pigment distributions in Holocene cores from three separate regions of the lake; Vidrino in the south, Posolski on Selenga Delta and Continent Ridge in the north. Furthermore, we present the first continuous sedimentary pigment and organic carbon sequence of the Kazantsevo interglacial (roughly a time equivalent to the European Eemian, and Marine Isotopic Stage MIS5e) at a resolution of approximately 150 years. Results of the spatial study showed marked differences in the sediment pigment deposition. Lowest chlorophyll a plus its degradation products versus organic carbon ratios (Chlas/TOC) indicating lowest production, but highest variability with time (indicating strongest climatic oscillations) were found at Continent Ridge. The study of sedimentary pigments deposited during the last two interglacial periods at Continent Ridge showed Chlas/TOC ratios 50-1000 times higher during the Kazantsevo Interglacial compared to the glacial periods, whereas the TOC content was only five times higher, thus indicating the significance of the Chlas/TOC ratio for the reconstruction of the phytoplankton abundance and productivity. Strong oscillations occurred during the Kazantsevo Interglacial within centennial time scales. Chlorophyllb plus its degradation products provided additional information on the past development of Chlorophyceae. Highest Chlas/TOC ratios were found during the early Holocene at approximately 9 kyr BP. Indications of short phytoplankton production maxima were also found during the late Atlantic (6 kyr BP) and at the Subboreal/Subatlantic transition (3 kyr BP). From this we conclude that sedimentary chlorophyll a is a reliable indicator of phytoplanktonic response to climate changes and may serve for validation of future climate scenarios in continental regions. © 2006 Springer Science+Business Media B.V. Article 2007 English 09212728 10.1007/s10933-006-9012-y Journal of Paleolimnology 37 177 – 203 2 Buryatia; Eurasia; Lake Baikal; Russian Federation; Selenga Delta; Bacillariophyta; Chlorophyceae; abundance; chlorophyll; climate change; Holocene; interglacial; lacustrine deposit; organic carbon; paleoecology; phytoplankton; pigment; pristine environment https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33846426500&doi=10.1007%2fs10933-006-9012-y&partnerID=40&md5=4f5b831020718dcef7053dcfaf1a5a3a Cited by: 27 Susanne Fietz Andreas Nicklisch Hedi Oberhänsli article heim2007supplementary5 2007 GFZ Data Services Birgit Heim J Klump Hedi Oberhänsli N Fagel article demory2006hysteresis 2006 GFZ Data Services François Demory Hedi Oberhänsli N Nowaczyk Matthias Gottschalk R Wirth R Naumann article demory2006xrf 2006 GFZ Data Services François Demory Hedi Oberhänsli N Nowaczyk Matthias Gottschalk R Wirth R Naumann article Grygar2006240 Measurement of magnetic susceptibility (MS) and diffuse reflectance spectra (DRS) were used to construct environmental proxies in a 6.5 m section of the sediment core VER98-1-13 from the Academician Ridge, Lake Baikal. The interpretation of MS and DRS was supported by X-ray diffraction and microparticle voltammetry to identify the main Fe-bearing minerals. The record of the relative paleointensity of the Earth's magnetic field was used to construct an age model showing the core interval covers the last 160 ky. The time resolution of the record was ∼1 ky. The main environmental changes were recognized by a combination of DRS and MS records and compared to marine isotopic stages in addition to the diatom record from 120 to 60 ky BP so as to demonstrate the importance of these inorganic proxies as paleoenvironmental records. A dramatic climatic deterioration between 66 and 60 ky BP was probably preceded by a dry intermediate stage between 77 and 66 ky BP. The DRS-based proxies of Fe(II) / Fe(III) ratios in the mineral assemblage, MS and/or diatom records clearly reveal 1-2 ky long environmental extremes at 110, 103, 90, 85, 77, 61, 54, 36, 27, 23, and 19 ky BP. The majority of these extremes were contemporaneous with discharges of North Atlantic and Arctic Ocean icebergs (Heinrich events) documenting a teleconnection between the North Atlantic Ocean and East Central Siberia. These sharp changes coincided with a major transition to the colder climatic stages of the last 100 ky. © 2006. Article 2006 English 00310182 10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.12.007 Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 237 240 – 254 2-4 Arctic Ocean; Atlantic Ocean; Atlantic Ocean (North); Eurasia; Lake Baikal; Russian Federation; Siberia; Bacillariophyta; climate change; environmental change; fossil record; magnetic susceptibility; paleoenvironment; reflectance; sediment analysis; X-ray diffraction https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33745926535&doi=10.1016%2fj.palaeo.2005.12.007&partnerID=40&md5=3384c52baadc2801dd3b5bef26903003 Cited by: 22 T. Grygar J. Kadlec P. Pruner G. Swann P. Bezdička D. Hradil K. Lang K. Novotna H. Oberhänsli article Prokopenko20063431 A new composite BDP-96 biogenic silica record over the entire Pleistocene was generated by splicing BDP-96-1 and BDP-96-2 drill cores from Lake Baikal, crosschecked against a similar record from a nearby BDP-98 drill core. A new astronomically tuned age model is proposed based on correlating peak biogenic silica responses with the timing of September perihelia. This target is derived from analysis of regional climate proxy responses during the Holocene, the last interglacial and around paleomagnetic reversals. By resolving virtually every precessional cycle during the Pleistocene, the new age model represents a major improvement compared with previously reported Lake Baikal timescales. The astronomically tuned ages of the Pleistocene paleomagnetic reversals are consistent with published dates. The minimal tuning approach we used (precession only) has also aligned high signal power in a narrow obliquity band, confirming the strong presence of orbital forcing. There are also strong ca 100-ka scale cycles, but these are not aligned with the orbital eccentricity. Despite the location of Lake Baikal in a continental interior that is highly sensitive to insolation forcing, the tuned biogenic silica record reveals a consistent phase difference of -32° (ca 4 ka) relative to insolation in the obliquity band. An inherent lag embedded in a continental proxy record, not driven by global ice volume, is an intriguing finding. Another new observation is that long-term changes in sedimentation rates in Lake Baikal appear to be related to the amplitude of orbital forcing; both amplitudes and sedimentation rates undergo significant changes during MIS 24-MIS 19 interval corresponding to the Middle Pleistocene Transition. With potential for linking continental and marine climato-stratigraphies, the new Baikal record serves a new benchmark correlation target in continental Eurasia, as an alternative to June 65°N insolation and ODP-correlated timescales. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Article 2006 English 02773791 10.1016/j.quascirev.2006.10.002 Quaternary Science Reviews 25 3431 – 3457 23-24 Eurasia; Lake Baikal; Russian Federation; Siberia; Astronomy; Cell culture; Correlation methods; Glaciers; Lakes; Mathematical models; Sedimentation; age determination; biogenic mineral; climate change; Holocene; insolation; magnetic reversal; orbital forcing; paleoclimate; Pleistocene; precession; proxy climate record; sedimentation rate; silica; Astronomically tuned climatic records; Biogenic silica; Pleistocene paleomagnetic reversals; Regional climate; Climate change https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33846798134&doi=10.1016%2fj.quascirev.2006.10.002&partnerID=40&md5=e386f57078e209c6264342cdfe95df47 Cited by: 152 Alexander A. Prokopenko Linda A. Hinnov Douglas F. Williams Mikhail I. Kuzmin article demory2006intercorrelation 2006 GFZ Data Services F Demory N Nowaczyk A Witt Hedi Oberhänsli article demory2006inclination 2006 GFZ Data Services François Demory N Nowaczyk Annette Witt Hedi Oberhänsli article demory2006hirm 2006 GFZ Data Services François Demory Hedi Oberhänsli N Nowaczyk A Witt article demory2006downcore1 2006 GFZ Data Services F Demory Hedi Oberhänsli N Nowaczyk Matthias Gottschalk R Wirth R Naumann article demory2006downcore2 2006 GFZ Data Services F Demory Hedi Oberhänsli N Nowaczyk Matthias Gottschalk R Wirth R Naumann article demory2006down 2006 GFZ Data Services François Demory N Nowaczyk Annette Witt Hedi Oberhänsli article demory2006depth 2006 GFZ Data Services François Demory N Nowaczyk Annette Witt Hedi Oberhänsli article demory2006downcore10 2006 GFZ Data Services François Demory Hedi Oberhänsli N Nowaczyk Matthias Gottschalk R Wirth R Naumann article Kashik2006303 This paper presents data on the lithological composition of Cenozoic deposits penetrated for the first time by boreholes BDP-96-1, BDP-96-2, and BDP-98 down to a depth of 600 m on the underwater Akademicheskii Ridge in Lake Baikal. The deposits are subdivided into the upper (Angara) and lower (Barguzin) sequences, which span the Middle Miocene-Holocene period. They formed under different climatic conditions and tectonic settings. Sources of the terrigenous material were also different. Outbursts of diatom-and mineral formation in Lake Baikal can be related to not only climatic fluctuations in the Miocene-Holocene, but also the endogenous activity. By the analogy with the World Ocean, underwater gas-hydrothermal fluid discharge detected at the water-bottom interface in this lake may be accompanied by the formation of diatomaceous oozes and ferromanganese nodule fields and the concentration of rare elements. © Pleiades Publishing, Inc. 2006. Article 2006 English 16083229 10.1134/S0024490206040018 Lithology and Mineral Resources 41 303 – 316 4 https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33745966638&doi=10.1134%2fS0024490206040018&partnerID=40&md5=24d78adf8c8a890d6b0e5d3de4dd23c8 Cited by: 4 S.A. Kashik T.K. Lomonosova article Tarasov2005625 Changes in mean temperature of the coldest (Tc) and warmest month (Tw), annual precipitation (Pann) and moisture index (α) were reconstructed from a continuous pollen record from Lake Baikal, Russia. The pollen sequence CON01-603-2 (53°57′N, 108°54′E) was recovered from a 386 m water depth in the Continent Ridge and dated to ca. 130-114.8 ky BP. This time interval covers the complete last interglacial (LI), corresponding to MIS 5e. Results of pollen analysis and pollen-based quantitative biome reconstruction show pronounced changes in the regional vegetation throughout the record. Shrubby tundra covered the area at the beginning of MIS 5e (ca. 130-128 ky), consistent with the end of the Middle Pleistocene glaciation. The late glacial climate was characterised by low winter and summer temperatures (Tc ∼ -38 to -35°C and Tw∼11-13°C) and low annual precipitation (Pann∼300 mm). However, the wide spread of tundra vegetation suggests rather moist environments associated with low temperatures and evaporation (reconstructed α∼1). Tundra was replaced by boreal conifer forest (taiga) by ca. 128 ky BP, suggesting a transition to the interglacial. Taiga-dominant phase lasted until ca. 117.4 ky BP, e.g. about 10 ky. The most favourable climate conditions occurred during the first half of the LI. Pann reached 500 mm soon after 128 ky BP. However, temperature changed more gradually. Maximum values of Tc ∼-20°C and Tw ∼16-17°C are reconstructed from about 126 ky BP. Conditions became gradually colder after ca. 121 ky BP. Tc dropped to ∼ -27°C and T w to ∼15°C by 119.5 ky BP. The reconstructed increase in continentality was accompanied by a decrease in Pann to ∼400-420 mm. However, the climate was still humid enough (α∼0.9) to support growth of boreal evergreen conifers. A sharp turn towards a dry climate is reconstructed after ca. 118 ky BP, causing retreat of forest and spread of cool grass-shrub communities. Cool steppe dominated the vegetation in the area between ca. 117.5 ky and 114.8 ky BP, suggesting the end of the interglacial and transition to the last glacial (MIS 5d). Shift to the new glaciation was characterised by cool and very dry conditions with Tc ∼ -28 to -30°C, Tw ∼14-15°C, Pann ∼250 mm and α∼0.5. © Springer-Verlag 2005. Article 2005 English 14320894 10.1007/s00382-005-0045-0 Climate Dynamics 25 625 – 637 6 Eurasia; Lake Baikal; Russian Federation; Coniferophyta; climate change; Last Interglacial; pollen; reconstruction; vegetation history; vegetation type https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-27744601428&doi=10.1007%2fs00382-005-0045-0&partnerID=40&md5=acc1f3920e96e7c973973f2a7f038fc3 Cited by: 82 Pavel Tarasov W. Granoszewski E. Bezrukova S. Brewer M. Nita A. Abzaeva H. Oberhänsli article Sakai2005105 Sedimentary cores BDP 96 and 98 and VER 96-2 St. 3 from Academician Ridge in Lake Baikal were investigated to investigate the effect of climatic fluctuations on rock weathering and clay formation in the Baikal drainage basin. Illite, smectite, vermiculite, and kaolinite were identified as the major clay minerals in the sediments by X-ray diffraction analysis. Biotite in gravels in alluvial soils of the Baikal drainage area weathers through illite to vermiculite, smectite, and finally to kaolinite. To investigate the relationship between weathering and climate, we measured the clay content and the concentration of biogenic silica in the sediments. High surface productivity (increased biogenic silica) and high chemical weathering (decreased clay content) occurred simultaneously, showing that crustal weathering and soil formation were enhanced under warm climatic conditions. Clay formation was enhanced in the watershed from the Late Miocene to the Middle Pliocene, and mechanical weathering of rocks increased during glacial intervals after the climate began to cool in Late Pliocene time. This change in the weathering mode in the watershed reduced the nutrient flux and aquatic productivity of Lake Baikal. Article 2005 English 09212728 10.1007/s10933-004-1839-5 Journal of Paleolimnology 33 105 – 121 1 Eastern Hemisphere; Eurasia; Lake Baikal; Russian Federation; World; biogenic deposit; clay mineral; climate change; Miocene; paleolimnology; sediment core; weathering https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-12544254093&doi=10.1007%2fs10933-004-1839-5&partnerID=40&md5=e6bceda0fdb3a7f78fe6f1ba34f27a96 Cited by: 15 Takayuki Sakai Koji Minoura Mitsuyuki Soma Yukinori Tani Atsushi Tanaka Fumiko Nara Nobuyasu Itoh Takayoshi Kawai article Demske2005255 High-resolution pollen records from Lake Baikal revealed considerable regional differences in the vegetation development and pronounced climate variability during the last glacial-interglacial transition and Holocene. Correlation between cores was successfully based on a chronology constructed from AMS 14C dating of pollen concentrates. Comparison to other radiocarbon-dated pollen sequences from the Baikal region suggests that the chronology presented is very reliable, and thus correlation to other dated events can easily be performed. Pollen indices, which reflect relative changes in major vegetation types and limitations of growing conditions by moisture availability and temperature, demonstrate near-synchronous vegetation changes, which suggest synchronous large-scale climate variation across the Baikal region. Due to the limited influence of human impact in the Lake Baikal region, the pollen data illustrate that, in the continental interior of NE Eurasia Holocene, climate variability was very pronounced. After initial warming and a strong increase in relative moisture (ca. 16 cal ka BP), the Bølling-Allerød-like event was punctuated by three cool and dry events. These events, dated between ca. 15 and 13 cal ka BP, can be compared to coolings as recorded in GISP 2 oxygen isotope records from Greenland ice cores. An expansion of Betula sect. Nanae/Fruticosae, Artemisia and Chenopodiaceae marks the Younger-Dryas (YD)-like cooling event (ca. 12.5-12 cal ka BP). High temperatures and favourable moisture conditions during the first part of Holocene favoured the optimum development of dark coniferous taiga between 11-7.5 cal ka BP in the south and 10-8 cal ka BP in the northeast. A fir and spruce decline in the southern mountains (ca. 9.5-8.5 cal ka BP) can be related to the 8.2 cal ka BP cooling event. The pronounced mid-Holocene cooling event and a transition towards dry conditions (ca. 8-7 cal ka BP) preceded the nearly synchronous regional expansion of pine taiga. Maximum distribution of Scots pine forests marks the Holocene thermal optimum (ca. 6.5-5.7 cal ka BP), which was followed by two subsequent cooling events (ca. 5.5-4.5 cal ka BP) at the Atlantic-Subboreal transition. A subsequent temperature optimum in the southeastern Baikal region ended with pronounced cooling during the Subboreal-Subatlantic transition (ca. 3-2.5 cal ka BP). A late spread of shrub alders may evidence the beginning of the Little Ice Age. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Conference paper 2005 English 09218181 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2004.09.020 Global and Planetary Change 46 Elsevier B.V. 255 – 279 1-4 SPEC. ISS. Eastern Hemisphere; Eurasia; Lake Baikal; Russian Federation; World; Abies; Acer pensylvanicum; Alnus; Amaranthaceae; Artemisia; Betula; Betulaceae; Picea; Pinus sylvestris; climate variation; Holocene; late glacial; paleoclimate; palynology; vegetation history https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-18044369710&doi=10.1016%2fj.gloplacha.2004.09.020&partnerID=40&md5=785d49d9eecb40f784a367b01ef74845 Cited by: 147; All Open Access, Green Open Access Dieter Demske Georg Heumann Wojciech Granoszewski Małgorzata Nita Kazimiera Mamakowa Pavel E. Tarasov Hedi Oberhänsli article Oberhänsli20051 Conference paper 2005 English 09218181 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2004.11.003 Global and Planetary Change 46 Elsevier B.V. 1 – 7 1-4 SPEC. ISS. paleoclimate https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-18044362369&doi=10.1016%2fj.gloplacha.2004.11.003&partnerID=40&md5=a1593bcb28c0e12e8b99f368e945793b Cited by: 14; All Open Access, Green Open Access Hedi Oberhänsli Anson W. Mackay article Demory2005167 Sediment cores retrieved from 6 locations in Lake Baikal were subjected to a paleomagnetic study in order to establish detailed age models based on correlations of relative paleointensity records. Additional data were provided by calibrated accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) 14C dating, as well as by documentation of geomagnetic excursions like Laschamp at ∼42 ka and Iceland Basin at ∼185 ka. Few intervals were affected by diagenetic features like selective reductive dissolution of magnetite and greigite mineralization (Demory et al., 2005-this issue), and those that were left out of paleointensity records. These records were tuned to the well-dated paleomagnetic record from ODP Site 984 Channell [Channell, J.E.T., 1999. Geomagnetic paleointensity and directional secular variation at Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) site 984 (Bjorn Drift) since 500 ka: comparisons with ODP site 983 (Gardar drift). J. Geophys. Res., B: [Solid Earth], 104 (10):22, 937-22, 951]. The complex shape of the resulting depth/age curves highlights the need for a high-resolution age model. We focused on the climatic boundary between marine isotopic stage (MIS) 7 and 6 where the Iceland Basin paleomagnetic excursion is clearly documented in the North Atlantic Channell et al.[Channell, J.E.T., Hodell, D.A., Lehman, B., 1997. Relative geomagnetic paleointensity and d18O at ODP Site 983 (Gardar Drift, North Atlantic) since 350 ka. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 153 (1-2), 103-118] and in Lake Baikal Oda et al. [Oda, H., Nakamura, K., Ikehara, K., Nakano, T., Nishimura, M., Khlystov, O., 2002. Paleomagnetic record from Academician Ridge, Lake Baikal: a reversal excursion at the base of marine oxygen isotope stage 6. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 202 (1), 117-132] ; present study). During this period, we provide evidence for a return to cold conditions in the Lake Baikal region simultaneous to the sea surface cooling, but earlier than the global ice volume change observed in North Atlantic planktonic and benthic δ18O records, respectively. The classical strategy of age model reconstruction, based on direct correlation of the climatic record from Lake Baikal sediments with the marine δ18O reference curves is shown here to be unreliable. Moreover, this strategy does not consider (i) the nonlinearity of the age model in Lake Baikal sediments and (ii) the time lags between the global ice volume change and sea surface cooling observed in δ18O marine records. Finally, the "Baikal 200" compilation of the paleointensity records established in this study provides a 200-ka-long synthetic paleomagnetic record for Central Eurasia. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Conference paper 2005 English 09218181 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2004.09.016 Global and Planetary Change 46 Elsevier B.V. 167 – 186 1-4 SPEC. ISS. Eastern Hemisphere; Eurasia; Lake Baikal; Russian Federation; World; lacustrine deposit; magnetostratigraphy; paleoclimate; paleomagnetism; Quaternary https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-18044396996&doi=10.1016%2fj.gloplacha.2004.09.016&partnerID=40&md5=f5089be9e9504fe69ab8cb3965a26bd6 Cited by: 52; All Open Access, Green Open Access François Demory Norbert R. Nowaczyk Annette Witt Hedi Oberhänsli article Khursevich200595 Detailed diatom zonation in the Lake Baikal holostratotype section BDP-96-2 is extended over the interval 0.85-1.25 Ma and compared with diatom assemblage composition from the new BDP-99 drill core. Interglacial diatom assemblages at these two sites over 220 km apart are of similar composition, and the same complete and continuous succession of diatom zones is observed in both drill cores over the 0-800 ka interval. We propose a correlation of Baikal diatomaceous intervals with the marine oxygen isotope stratigraphy and with European climato-stratigraphic divisions of the early Pleistocene. We then use the diatom succession in BDP-96-2 to demonstrate evidence for disconformity in BDP-99 and to establish an approximate age model for this section. Diatom assemblages characteristic of the top of the Matuyama reversed polarity interval and the upper part of the Jaramillo normal polarity subchron are not found in the BDP-99 section below the disconformity boundary. The lack of diatom zones corresponding to the MIS 21-27 of the marine oxygen isotope stratigraphy in BDP-99 section suggests that the estimated age span of missing sediment interval in BDP-99 is ca 150-160 ka. The unusual diatom assemblage of cosmopolitan species during MIS 33 in both BDP-96-2 and BDP-99 drill core sections is indicative of abrupt ecological changes in the time interval 1.12-1.08 Ma. © 2004 Elsevier Ltd and INQUA. All rights reserved. Article 2005 English 10406182 10.1016/j.quaint.2004.11.011 Quaternary International 136 Elsevier Ltd 95 – 104 1 SPEC. ISS. Eastern Hemisphere; Eurasia; Lake Baikal; Russian Federation; World; biostratigraphy; community composition; diatom; marine isotope stage; sediment core https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-17144394746&doi=10.1016%2fj.quaint.2004.11.011&partnerID=40&md5=95724c30e6b979c3185e501aa3c14823 Cited by: 25 Galina K. Khursevich Alexander A. Prokopenko Svetlana A. Fedenya Lilia I. Tkachenko Douglas F. Williams article DEMORY2005145 A rock magnetic study was performed on sediment cores from six locations in Lake Baikal. For a comprehensive approach of the processes influencing the rock magnetic signal, additional data are presented such as total organic carbon (TOC), total sulphur (TS), opal, water content and relative variations in iron and titanium measured on selected intervals. In glacial sediments, the magnetic signal is dominated by magnetite, which is considered to be of detrital origin. This predominance of magnetite is interrupted by distinct horizons of authigenic greigite, probably confined to reductive microenvironments. In interglacial stages, besides dilution by biogenic silica and a decreasing detrital input, the weakness of the rock magnetic signal is also due to a reductive dissolution of magnetic particles. The magnetic assemblage is strongly linked to the redox history of interglacial sediment. In the oxidised bottom sediments of Lake Baikal, a biogenic magnetite is observed [Peck, J.A., King, J.W., 1996. Magnetofossils in the sediments of lake Baikal, Siberia. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 140 (1–4), 159–172]. After burial under the redox front, the magnetite is preferentially dissolved, and detrital hematite remains dominant when the sedimentation rate is low and when the residence time of the magnetite close to the redox boundary is long. During these low sedimentation rate conditions, the redox front is preserved [Granina, L., Müller, B. and Wehrli, B., 2004. Origin and dynamics of Fe and Mn sedimentary layers in Lake Baikal. Chem. Geol. 205 (1-2), 55-72]. At constant sedimentation rate and fast burial, the magnetite is preserved or transformed into greigite when sulphate-reducing conditions are reached in the sediment. In interglacial sediments, the magnetic assemblages depict changes in the sedimentation rate, which are traced using the ratio of magnetite over hematite (S-ratio). At the beginning of interglacials, the sedimentation rate is constant with an assemblage magnetite+greigite (high S-ratio), and at the end of some interglacials, the sedimentation rate decreases with a predominance of hematite (low S-ratio). Conference paper 2005 English 0921-8181 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2004.11.010 Global and Planetary Change 46 Elsevier B.V. 145-166 1 Lake Baikal, Late Quaternary, Rock magnetism, Diagenesis, Detrital input https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921818104001638 Progress towards reconstructing past climate in Central Eurasia, with special emphasis on Lake Baikal François Demory Hedi Oberhänsli Norbert R. Nowaczyk Matthias Gottschalk Richard Wirth Rudolf Naumann article Grygar2005389 The sedimentary series from Academician Ridge, Lake Baikal, eastern Siberia, was examined using cation exchange capacity (CEC) to estimate the amount of expandable clay minerals (ECM) and high-temperature X-ray diffraction (HT-XRD) to determine their basic classification. The comparison of the magnetic susceptibility (MS) at sub-millennial resolution and the δ18O record of a reference Atlantic core (ODP 980) was used to create an age model. The most closely studied part of the series covered the major part of the last glacial cycle (120-20 ky BP). The HT-XRD analysis is based on monitoring the course of ECM dehydration with 5°C steps between 25 and 250°C and enabled us to improve the discrimination between ECM, chlorite and micas. The CEC obtained at millennial resolution showed that the neoformation of ECM in warmer periods of the last interglacial was either insignificant or fully compensated by their dissolution or dilution. The CEC record was correlated with the main climatic stages in the period studied. Both MS and CEC records reflected the environmental changes at about millennial resolution, including climatic instabilities between 117 and 73 ky BP (late MIS5). Copyright © 2005, The Clay Minerals Society. Article 2005 English 00098604 10.1346/CCMN.2005.0530407 Clays and Clay Minerals 53 389 – 400 4 Eastern Hemisphere; Eurasia; Lake Baikal; Russian Federation; World; Dehydration; High temperature effects; Magnetic susceptibility; Mineralogy; Positive ions; Sediments; X ray diffraction analysis; clay mineral; lacustrine deposit; physical property; Cation exchange capacity; Paleoclimate; Russia; Thermal dehydration; Clay minerals https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-24944573446&doi=10.1346%2fCCMN.2005.0530407&partnerID=40&md5=184c222b5070f7bf1aaca2caa09e14e0 Cited by: 18 Tomas Grygar Petr Bezdicka David Hradil Michaela Hruskova Katerina Novotna Jaroslav Kadlec Petr Pruner Hedi Oberhänsli article Sapota2005355 In this study, results of Be isotopic analyses of sediments collected from the three longest cores drilled in Lake Baikal, i.e. BDP-98 (600 m long), BDP-96 (200 m long) and BDP-93 (102 m long), are presented in relation to their lithological variation. The sediment used in the study has a relatively uniform grain size distribution and mineral composition dominated by detrital feldspars and quartz. Biogenic silica is present in all samples, with amounts up to 40 %. The limited variability in textural and mineralogical (± biogenic silica) composition of the sediment resulted in a constrained 10Be concentration distribution that is mainly related to its production and radioactive decay. Normalization of 10Be to 9Be concentrations shows a trend similar to that of the 10Be distribution. The 10Be-based chronology for the BDP-98 and BDP-96 cores provides time spans of about 8 and 5.5 Myr respectively. Estimation of the 10Be flux indicates high values in the Late Miocene, which can be related to relatively low geomagnetic field intensity during that time. © 2005 E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung. Article 2005 English 00777749 10.1127/njgpa/238/2006/355 Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie - Abhandlungen 238 E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung 355 – 411 3 Lake Baikal; Russian Federation; beryllium isotope; core analysis; detrital deposit; feldspar; isotopic analysis; mineralogy; sediment analysis https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-31844439221&doi=10.1127%2fnjgpa%2f238%2f2006%2f355&partnerID=40&md5=9e303aa141925240ec3bbc9b2f85cb7c Cited by: 0 Tomasz Sapota Ala Aldahan Göran Possnert article Dawson2004193 The current study examines the potential cyclical nature of the elemental concentration record of silicon in sediment from Lake Baikal site BDP 96-2 in an attempt to clarify trends in periodicity observed for periods from 700 kyr BP to the present, 760 kyr BP to 1.43 Ma, and 1.47 to 2.4 Ma. The results indicate the presence of the 100 kyr cycle during the past 700 000 yr, as identified in other research. They also indicate the presence of a strong 74 kyr cycle from 760 kyr BP to 1.43 Md, with a weaker 44 kyr cycle. For the period from 1.47 to 2.4 Ma, we observed evidence of strong 465 and 155 kyr cycles, in addition to a moderate 93 kyr cycle and various lesser cycles. This new evidence represents one of the first findings of longer cycles, as predicted by classic insolation theory, and sheds some initial light on Imbrie's 400 kyr question. © Inter-Research 2004. Article 2004 English 0936577X 10.3354/cr026193 Climate Research 26 Inter-Research 193 – 197 3 Eurasia; Lake Baikal; Russian Federation; climate change; lacustrine deposit; Milankovitch cycle; orbital forcing; paleoenvironment; silicon https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-4344598924&doi=10.3354%2fcr026193&partnerID=40&md5=7a55b7052696d3d7b5582270725a99cc Cited by: 3; All Open Access, Bronze Open Access R. Dawson R. Wei S. Tao Y. Ito K. Yamanaka H. Haraguchi article Horiuchi2004408 The dynamics of cosmogenic 10Be contents in the BDP-96-1 (100 to 200 m) and BDP-98-2 (200 to 600 m) cores was used to test published magnetostratigraphic scales for the Miocene section and to time the core base. Only one of three alternative scales for the BDP-98 core tested against the 10Be decay of T1/2 = 1.5 myr showed a perfect consistency with the decay law. The basal age of the 600 m BDP-98 section was estimted at 8.4 myr. Article 2004 Russian 00167886 Geologiya i Geofizika 45 408 – 412 3 Eurasia; Lake Baikal; Russian Federation; cosmogenic radionuclide; magnetostratigraphy; Miocene https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-2942565826&partnerID=40&md5=c2db935e1c756707be81df1a660cf61a Cited by: 3 K. Horiuchi E.L. Gol'dberg H. Matsuzaki K. Kobayashi Y. Shibata incollection 10.1130/0-8137-2369-8.169 { Full article available in PDF version. } 2003 01 9780813723693 10.1130/0-8137-2369-8.169 {Causes and consequences of globally warm climates in the early Paleogene} Geological Society of America https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-2369-8.169 Tatiana V. Oreshkina Hedi Oberhaensli article Prokopenko2003623 The paper presents new biogenic silica (BiSi) and total organic carbon (TOC) data for the past 130 kyr from BDP-98 and BDP-96-2 cores, respectively, showing a distinct climate periodicity correlated with Late Pleistocene rhythms. The high-resolution sedimentary records from Lake Baikal allow approaching the problem of the length of the last interglacial and stability of its climate in the Northern Hemisphere. The Siberian archives for the interval of 70 to 130 kyr contain brief sub-Milankovitch millenial-scale excursions correlated with events in the high-resolution records of North Atlantic ice cores and European continental pollen sequences. The correlation of the mid-Eemian cooling about 122 kyr BP and the cold Montaigu event about 103 kyr BP with low production signals in the Baikal cores evidence for a climatic connection between the geographically distant North Atlantic, continental Europe, and continental Siberia regions. This connection was well pronounced during interglacials and interstadials and weak during the later glaciation. Rapid warm/cold transitions in the Baikal record, especially the Kazantsevo/Early Zyryanka transition, indicate that glaciation in Siberia began at 115-116 kyr BP, or 5-8 kyr earlier than in Europe and in the North Atlantic, as inferred from independent age models. The continuous climate record from Lake Baikal provides a solid stratigraphic background for detailed correlation of Siberian continental sections. Article 2003 English 00167886 Geologiya i Geofizika 44 623 – 637 7 Russian Federation; glacial-interglacial cycle; lacustrine deposit; paleoclimate; Quaternary; stratigraphic correlation https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0344441261&partnerID=40&md5=9d9dc2adec0bb05c70bfce3b0609165e Cited by: 3 A.A. Prokopenko E.B. Karabanov M.I. Kuz'min D.F. Williams G.K. Khursevich article Karabanov2003223 Book chapter 2003 10.1029/137GM16 Geophysical Monograph Series 137 223 – 230 https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84962185511&doi=10.1029%2f137GM16&partnerID=40&md5=40be30bb68df488cf14fcd1bf40136d9 Cited by: 12 Eugene B. Karabanov Alexander A. Prokopenko Douglas F. Williams Galina K. Khursevich Mikhail I. Kuzmin Elena V. Bezrukova Alexander N. Gvozdkov article Fagel2003159 We investigated the mineralogical composition of two cores recovered on the Academician Ridge (Central Lake Baikal, Siberia). Sedimentological features show that the cores are unaffected by turbidity currents. However, hemipelagic deposition is not continuous, but intermittently disturbed by syn- or post-sediment reworking (e.g., bioturbation, slumps, faulting). Such modes of deposition are consistent with the complex uplift history of the ridge. Bulk mineralogy suggests that terrigenous sediment supplies are constant through glacial/interglacial stages, and diluted by diatom-rich intervals related to warmer interglacial stages. The core stratigraphy is based on the correlation of the diatom zonation and opal abundance with the marine oxygen isotope reference curve SPECMAP. The ∼8-m cores partly recover the last four interglacial/glacial cycles, i.e., since oxygen isotope stage 8. We test the use of clay minerals as a proxy for paleoclimatic reconstruction. The clays are more weathered during the diatom-rich intervals in agreement with warmer climate conditions. However, the mean clay composition does not change significantly through glacial/interglacial stages. This observation implies that, in the Academician Ridge sediments, a simple smectite/illite ratio (S/I) does not alone provide a reliable indicator of climatic variation. It reflects the complex clay assemblages, especially the smectite group, delivered to Central Lake Baikal. Smectites include primarily illite-smectite mixed layers, made of a mixture of montmorillonite and beidellite. According to their behavior after cation saturation, the illite-smectite mixed layers are primarily transformed smectites, with some neoformed smectites intermittently observed. In addition, Al-smectites occur in minor proportions. We conclude that the S/I ratio has a climatic significance only if it evolves in parallel with the weathering stage of the clays and is confirmed by a change in the composition of the smectites. © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. Article 2003 English 00310182 10.1016/S0031-0182(02)00633-8 Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 193 159 – 179 1 Russian Federation; Bacillariophyta; clay mineral; illite; lacustrine deposit; paleoclimate; proxy climate record; Quaternary; smectite https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0037378226&doi=10.1016%2fS0031-0182%2802%2900633-8&partnerID=40&md5=3ed9cdab5a306023bd8d42c1cb90dc9c Cited by: 74; All Open Access, Green Open Access N. Fagel T. Boski L. Likhoshway H. Oberhaensli inproceedings Kashiwaya2003LongCR 2003 Kenji Kashiwaya article Demske2002107 Palynomorphs from a palaeomagnetically dated Late Pliocene sediment core (3.6-2.35 Ma) reflect highly variable climatic conditions and repeated expansion of steppe and boreo-alpine vegetation. Mixed coniferous forests (Picea, Tsuga, Pinus) with associated broadleaved taxa (Quercus, Corylus, Ulmus, Tilia) were affected by dry and cold intervals already between 3.48 and 3.39 Ma. Peak records of non-arboreal pollen types and spores, including subarctic-boreo-alpine Selaginella selaginoides, evidence advances of open vegetation, which can be correlated to glacial marine oxygen isotope stages. A cooling trend occurred from 3.15 Ma to 2.5 Ma, documented by cold-dry intervals and increased fluctuations of Picea and Pinus. Around 3-2.9 Ma the palaeoclimate variation pattern shifted towards cold-dry and warm-moist oscillations. Cooling strengthened after 2.89 Ma and severely restricted Tsuga development. Cool and oligotrophic limnic conditions are documented by abundant Gonyaulax dinoflagellate cysts in the interval 2.65-2.57 Ma. Due to decreasing precipitation extensive areas with open steppe and rock-steppe vegetation became permanently established after 2.62 Ma. Dry conditions became a dominant environmental factor in the Baikal region, coeval in time with the Red Clay-Loess shift in northern China. This climatic transition can be explained as a consequence of major intensification of Northern Hemisphere Glaciation around 2.75 Ma evidenced by marine records of ice-rafted debris. © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. Article 2002 English 00310182 10.1016/S0031-0182(02)00251-1 Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 184 Elsevier B.V. 107 – 129 1-2 Lake Baikal; Russian Federation; Siberia; Bacteria (microorganisms); Corylus; Corylus; Dinophyceae; Gonyaulax; Gonyaulax; Malvaceae; Picea; Picea; Pinus; Quercus; Quercus; Selaginella; Selaginella selaginoides; Selaginella selaginoides; Tilia; Tilia; Tsuga; Tsuga; Ulmus; Ulmus; lacustrine deposit; paleoclimate; paleoenvironment; palynology; Pliocene; vegetation history https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0036681467&doi=10.1016%2fS0031-0182%2802%2900251-1&partnerID=40&md5=c23e6705083199575419ec0e93d711fb Cited by: 38 Dieter Demske Barbara Mohr Hedi Oberhänsli article Antipin200119 The new 600-m drill core BDP-98 from the Academician Ridge of Lake Baikal recovered a continuous sedimentary record of the past 10 Ma. The entire section is represented by lacustrine sediments, which gradually change from distal deltaic facies at the bottom of the section to fine undisturbed hemipelagic sediments of the upper 300-m interval. The entire 10-Ma lacustrine section contains abundant diatoms, thus allowing extension of Plio-Pleistocene diatom and biogenic silica records into the Miocene. Above the Matuyama/Gauss paleomagnetic reversal boundary, the BDP-98 record contains clearly delineated glacial/interglacial lithologic cycles. Below this boundary the diatom signal is quite different: average diatom contents are higher and variations are of lower amplitude. Although most likely paleoclimatic in origin, these variation presumably reflect past changes in the moisture regime of southeast Siberia under conditions of warm subtropical climate during the Miocene and Early-Middle Pliocene. The continuous BDP-98 drill core, which covers the hiati present in the composite continental sections of the Baikal region, is a key section for reconstructing the Neogene-Quaternary climatic evolution of continental Asia. The BDP-98 section also places several important time constraints on the rifting history of Lake Baikal by providing reliable correlation of lithological and physical properties of the drill core sediments with calculated positions of the acoustic reflection boundaries interpreted from multichannel seismic studies. The lithologic composition indicates that, on the stable block of Academician Ridge where the BDP-96 and BDP-98 drill sites are located, acoustic reflection boundaries are not associated with major erosional events, but instead result from changes in sediment density and composition. Several lithologic indices further suggest that significant changes have occurred in the physics and chemistry of Lake Baikal waters, affecting the carbonate equilibrium and oxygen regime of Baikal. © 2001 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. Article 2001 English 10406182 10.1016/S1040-6182(01)00016-7 Quaternary International 80-81 19 – 36 Asia; Russian Federation; Cenozoic; lacustrine deposit; sediment core https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0034806271&doi=10.1016%2fS1040-6182%2801%2900016-7&partnerID=40&md5=7bb7ff777e21984b1f0bb21c936c1b8f Cited by: 55 V. Antipin T. Afonina O. Badalov E. Bezrukova A. Bukharov V. Bychinsky A.A. Dmitriev R. Dorofeeva A. Duchkov O. Esipko T. Fileva V. Gelety V. Golubev A. Goreglyad I. Gorokhov A. Gvozdkov Y. Hase N. Ioshida E. Ivanov I. Kalashnikova G. Kalmychkov E. Karabanov S. Kashik T. Kawai E. Kerber B. Khakhaev O. Khlystov G. Khursevich M. Khuzin J. King K. Konstantinov V. Kochukov M. Krainov V. Kravchinsky N. Kudryashov L. Kukhar M. Kuzmin K. Nakamura Sh Nomura E. Oksenoid J. Peck L. Pevzner A. Prokopenko V. Romashov H. Sakai I. Sandimirov A. Sapozhnikov K. Seminsky N. Soshina A. Tanaka L. Tkachenko M. Ushakovskaya D. Williams article Khlystov2001373 The paper presents new details of the structure of the basement and sedimentary cover of the southwestern edge of the North Baikal basin. The basement structure involves smaller-scale structures (Maloe More basin, Zama basin, and Zunduk-Zama horst), which, in turn, comprise third-order features. The presence of several en-echelon NE striking sub-basins within the Maloe More and Zama basins indicates that the tectonic framework of the region formed by listric and dextral faulting. Seismostratigraphy data and analysis of uppermost bottom sediments from BDP-96 and BDP-98 cores revealed three seismic layers in the sediment section, which are separated by discontinuities and can be correlated with deposits exposed on land in the neighboring Ol'khon region. Unit A' (X) correlates with the Lower-Middle Oligocene Ular'yar Formation, unit A, with the Lower-Middle Miocene Tagai Formation, and unit B, with the Upper Miocene-Pliocene Sasa Formation and with Quaternary deposits. The upper section of the Maloe More fill includes a separate seismic horizon correlatable with a layer of widely distributed fine-grained sand. Unit B, comprises three deposition centers within the limits of the Maloe More basin, i.e., large lakes existed in the region prior to the final stage of transgression from the North Baikal basin. Thus, the southwestern edge of the Baikal basin has an intricate structure and underwent a complex evolution. Article 2001 Russian 00167886 Geologiya i Geofizika 42 373 – 383 1-2 https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-26044445499&partnerID=40&md5=c387d93b5a682089a1d8a40b4c5507a1 Cited by: 6 O.M. Khlystov V.D. Mats M. De Batist article Krainov200187 Two boreholes on the Akademichesky Ridge, 100 and 200 m deep (BDP-96-1 and BDP-96-2), were drilled and cored continuously as part of the Baikal Drilling Project. Results of low-frequency magnetic susceptibility measurements of the two cores were correlated with the SPECMAP oceanic oxygen isotope curve, and a composite section was compiled. The SPECMAP curve and the magnetic susceptibility of the BDP-96 cores showed a good fit. Frequency analysis of time variations in magnetic susceptibility showed a periodicity of the paleoclimate signal with intervals of 23, 35, 41, 52, 68, 85, 106, and 164 ka. The periods of 23, 41, 52, and 106 ka correspond to cycles of precession, inclination of the Earth's axis, an eccentricity harmonic overlapped with inclination, and the Earth's orbit eccentricity itself, respectively. The periods of 35, 68, and 164 ka, distinguished for the first time in magnetic susceptibility studies but noted earlier in biogenic silica analysis, reflect different eccentricity harmonics, and the period of 68 ka bears an effect of precession. The period of 85 ka has never been revealed before in the climate record and is most likely related to regional periodicity rather than to any astronomic cycles. Article 2001 Russian 00167886 Geologiya i Geofizika 42 87 – 97 1-2 https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0037691252&partnerID=40&md5=d9bfd7cfba9ef3551176c16e015c4272 Cited by: 6 M.A. Krainov V.A. Kravchinskii J.A. Peck H. Sakai J.W. King M.I. Kuz'min article Weinberg2001130 Spicules have been investigated in Late Pliocene core samples from the borehole BDP-96-1. The samples have been dated paleomagnetically. A total of 42 spicule types have been discovered, of which 15 are found in modern Baikal sponges and 27 are not. Analysis of the range of species and quantitative indices of the spicules in bottom sediments has revealed three stages of sponge-fauna development: 3.1-2.9, 2.9-2.5, and 2.5-2.1 Ma BP. The sponge fauna of the first stage is indicative of warm-water conditions. Most of thermophilic and fossil species disappeared from the second stage, which points to a dramatic cooling. At the third stage, regeneration of the sponge fauna began. However, it did not reach the efflorescence of the first stage. The results are in agreement with the palynological and diatom analysis of the core samples from the investigated depth range. Article 2001 Russian 00167886 Geologiya i Geofizika 42 130 – 137 1-2 https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-26044474216&partnerID=40&md5=ba64e85ace5c2e833ce42c8421d176f0 Cited by: 3 E.V. Weinberg article Duchkov2001298 Thermal conductivity of rocks is a key parameter in heat flow determination. Thermal conductivity of the Baikal bottom sediments in cores from first underwater boreholes (BDP-93 and BDP-96) was measured by a needle probe and a thermal-conductivity comparator, and the two methods showed a difference of up to 30-50% in the values of both thermal conductivity and heat flow. In this study we used a new method implying evaluation of thermal conductivity of sediments through interpretation (inversion modeling) of temperature field recovery in boreholes after the cessation of drilling. The modeling parameters are steady-state temperature and thermal conductivity of bottom sediments at a depth of temperature monitoring. As a result, it was concluded that the needle probe measurements are reliable, and the thermal-conductivity comparator cannot be used to study unconsolidated sediments with water contents above 40%. The obtained estimates of steady-state temperature and geothermal gradient confirmed that the heat flow is relatively low (about 50 mW/m2) in the Bugul'deika saddle (BDP-93) and high (78 mW/m2, an updated value) in the axial part of the Akademichesky Ridge (BDP-96). The new method allowed us to estimate, for the first time, the thermal-diffusivity coefficient and the specific heat capacity of the Baikal sediments. Thus, the numerical analysis of temperature monitoring data permits estimation of all geothermal parameters of sediments. Article 2001 Russian 00167886 Geologiya i Geofizika 42 298 – 307 1-2 https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-26044455653&partnerID=40&md5=65616943e69cbb2ba9940b74ffd2f146 Cited by: 3 A.D. Duchkov T.-C. Lee S.G. Morozov article Prokopenko200137 The records of diatom abundance, clay fraction content and magnetic susceptibility from Lake Baikal drill core BDP-96-1 reflect the climate-driven Plio-Pleistocene evolution of the Lake Baikal sedimentation system. In addition to the dramatic variations in the proxy records in response to the Northern Hemisphere ice ages, the Baikal record also indicates climatic deterioration from 2.8 to 2.5 Ma BP with evidence for an early Siberian glaciation around the Matuyama/Gauss paleomagnetic reversal boundary. The drill core data also allow correlation of this early glacial interval with the basin-wide seismic sequence boundary B10, which marks the unconformity produced by the active neotectonic phase in the Baikal rift zone. At the BDP-96 drill site, however, the strong B10 acoustic reflection was produced not by an erosional boundary, but instead by deposition of glacial clay layers. The paleomagnetic age scale of BDP-96-1 constrains the upper age of the Neobaikalian uplift/subsidence phase in the Baikal-Sayan region at ca. 2.5 Ma BP. The coincident timing of the paleoclimatic and tectonic events recorded in Lake Baikal sediments suggests a close causal link between regional tectonics and climate and indicate that the late Pliocene uplift contributed to the initiation of the early glaciation in southeast Siberia between 2.8 and 2.6 Ma BP by creating an elevated terrain with lower snowline, favorable for alpine glaciation, and by changing the heat balance of the region. © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd and INQUA. All rights reserved. Article 2001 English 10406182 10.1016/S1040-6182(01)00017-9 Quaternary International 80-81 37 – 46 Russian Federation; lacustrine deposit; neotectonics; paleoclimate; paleomagnetism; sediment core https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0034815367&doi=10.1016%2fS1040-6182%2801%2900017-9&partnerID=40&md5=6cb7a4d5f3d2654223095d73f4e99c77 Cited by: 15 Alexander A. Prokopenko Eugene B. Karabanov Douglas F. Williams Mikhail I. Kuzmin Galina K. Khursevich Alexander A. Gvozdkov article Sandimirov2001194 We propose a method for dating Baikal deep-water sediments from the ratios of radioactive isotopes of Th and U in various fractions of the authigenic part of the sediments. We have determined the Th-U age of six horizons of the borehole BDP-96-2 and the average parameters of gravitational consolidation of the sediments. The extrapolated Th-U ages show a good correlation with paleomagnetic data throughout the core of BDP-96-2. Article 2001 Russian 00167886 Geologiya i Geofizika 42 194 – 205 1-2 https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0041567475&partnerID=40&md5=b6ce6b6894dd78352d32a1f3e82273bc Cited by: 2 I.V. Sandimirov A.A. Kosov T.A. Vladimirova article Fedorin2001186 The paper presents a new method of U and Th determination in bottom sediments implying synchrotron radiation with monochromatic beams at different energies, registration, and iterative joint processing of the resultant XRF (X-ray fluorescent) spectra series. The validity of the new method was proved by comparison of U and Th determinations by XRF-SR in different sediment samples with earlier INAA and ICP-MS results for the same samples. Profiles of U and Th were measured at the sampling rate of 2 ka in a drilling core (BDP-96-2) of bottom sediments from Lake Baikal deposited 40 to 780 ka BP. Oscillations of U contents and U/Th ratios record global climate change throughout the Brunhes epoch (780 ka BP), and the response of these "warm" proxies is similar to that observed earlier in shorter cores spanning the last two interglacials (220-0 ka BP). Article 2001 Russian 00167886 Geologiya i Geofizika 42 186 – 193 1-2 https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0001940231&partnerID=40&md5=c3c75e98ba95c9acfdb403efd4637543 Cited by: 4 M.A. Fedorin E.L. Gol'dberg V.A. Bobrov O.M. Khlystov M.A. Grachev article Khursevich200147 Three new extinct taxa of the genus Stephanodiscus Ehrenberg (S. williamsii sp., nov., S. princeps sp. nov., S. yukonensis var. antiquus var. nov.) and four new extinct species and two new extinct varieties of the genus Cyclotella (Kützing) Brébisson (C. iris var. insueta var. nov., C. tempereiformica sp. nov., C. distincta sp. nov., C. comtaeformica sp. nov., C. comtaeformica var. spinata var. nov. and C. praeminuta sp. nov.) are described from Upper Cenozoic lacustrine sediments of Lake Baikal (boreholes BDP-96-1 and BDP-96-2). The narrow biostratigraphic ranges of the new taxa warrant their use as index-fossil species for defining a diatom zonation, for accurate correlation and age control of Lake Baikal sediments. The comparative morphological analysis of the newly described Cyclotella taxa allowed us to trace the evolution of morphological features in these diatoms through time. The short time intervals during which the Stephanodiscus taxa existed in ancient Baikal imply that these species were unable to adapt to rapidly changing paleoecological and paleolimnological conditions caused by abrupt Pleistocene climatic fluctuations. Article 2001 English 00262803 10.2113/47.1.47 Micropaleontology 47 47 – 71 1 Russian Federation; biostratigraphy; Cenozoic; diatom; lacustrine deposit; new species; paleoclimate https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0035017197&doi=10.2113%2f47.1.47&partnerID=40&md5=1998a0f63aeace2f361a7be2d35f66bc Cited by: 21 G.K. Khursevich E.B. Karabanov A.A. Prokopenko D.F. Williams M.I. Kuzmin S.A. Fedenya article Bezrukova200198 Two boreholes, BDP-96-1 (200 m thick) and BDP-96-2 (100 m thick), drilled at the top of the underwater Akademichesky Ridge at 53°41′48″N and 108°21′06″, gave two parallel cores which were dated paleomagnetically. The correlation of the paleomagnetic data with the global magnetic scale has shown the age of the sediments exposed at a depth of 200 m to be 5 Ma. The average sedimentation rate was constant, about 4 cm/ka. Earlier palynological studies of core samples from BDP-96-1 were performed at 2 m intervals, which corresponds to the period of ∼45-50 ka. In this paper, we present results of a detailed palynological analysis of the upper 30 m of the core performed at 20 cm intervals (4-5 ka). The age of the investigated core from BDP-96-1 covers most of the Brunhes epoch. Taking into account the lost upper 630 cm, it matches the time range from 170 to 780 ka BP. Palynological analysis of the sediments from the range under discussion revealed 13 epochs in the development of the regional flora structure: seven epochs of predominance of forest plant formations and six epochs of its significant degradation. The epochs are correlated with the stages of changes in the volume of global ice, recorded in the marine oxygen isotope scale. It is difficult to determine the extents of the coolings, because spores and pollen are scarce in the sediments of these epochs. However, it is apparent that forests did not disappear from East Siberia during the coolings. All main arboreal species now growing there persisted during Pleistocene glaciations. The structure of the vegetative cover underwent profound changes. The areas occupied by forests decreased. Larch and spruce north-taiga forests were predominant under the humid cold conditions of the beginning of interglacials and the end of glaciations; they were then replaced by fir and cedar pine forests. Larch-pine and cedar pine middle-taiga forests expanded under the moderately warm and relatively dry climate of the mid-interglacials. Obviously, this was accompanied by a wide spread of steppe vegetation. A comparison of the frequency and habit of changes in vegetation type in the study region 170-780 ka BP with those in various regions of the Northern Hemisphere demonstrates that the East Siberian vegetation responded to global climatic changes synchronously with the vegetations of other regions. Article 2001 Russian 00167886 Geologiya i Geofizika 42 98 – 107 1-2 https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-18044398187&partnerID=40&md5=628c0545be2a67918d7eef02183b2505 Cited by: 4 E.V. Bezrukova P.P. Letunova article Noe-Nygaard2001305 Within the framework of the Baikal Drilling Project (BDP), a 192 m long sediment core (BDP-96-1) was recovered from the Academician Ridge, a submerged topographic high between the North and Central Basins of Lake Baikal. Sedimentological, clay mineralogical and geochemical investigations were carried out on the core interval between 90 and 124 m depth, corresponding to ca. 2.4-3.4 Ma. The aim was to reconstruct the climatic and tectonic history of the continental region during the intensification of Northern Hemisphere glaciation in Late Pliocene time. A major climate change occurred in the Lake Baikal area at about 2.65 Ma. Enhanced physical weathering in the catchment, mirrored in the illite to smectite ratio, and temporarily reduced bioproduction in the lake, reflected by the diatom abundance, evidence a change towards a colder and more arid climate, probably associated with an intensification of the Siberian High. In addition, the coincident onset of distinct fluctuations in these parameters and in the Zr/Al ratio suggests the beginning of the Late Cenozoic high amplitude climate cycles at about 2.65 Ma. Fluctuations in the Zr/Al ratio are traced back to changes in the aeolian input, with high values in warmer, more humid phases due to a weaker Siberian High. Assuming that the sand content in the sediment reflects tectonic pulses, the Lake Baikal area was tectonically active during the entire investigated period, but in particular around 2.65 Ma. Tectonic movements have likely led to a gradual catchment change since about 3.15 Ma from the western towards the eastern lake surroundings, as indicated in the geochemistry and clay mineralogy of the sediments. The strong coincidence between tectonic and climatic changes in the Baikal area hints at the Himalayan uplift being one of the triggers for the Northern Hemisphere Glaciation. © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. Article 2001 English 00310182 10.1016/S0031-0182(01)00320-0 Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 174 305 – 326 4 Russian Federation; Bacillariophyta; geochemistry; lacustrine deposit; paleoclimate; Pliocene; sedimentology; tectonic evolution; weathering https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0035472635&doi=10.1016%2fS0031-0182%2801%2900320-0&partnerID=40&md5=e9d3bd7ac1447f36f23ebb65d5698225 Cited by: 38 Nanna Noe-Nygaard Erik Otto Heiberg article Khursevich2001108 The Baikal bottom sediments (borehole BDP-96-2) are stratigraphically characterized in detail (with a 500 year resolution) within the Brunhes Chron. The sediment section 35 m thick shows a distribution of diatoms (25 species and varieties), sponge spicules, and golden-algae cysts. Thirty-one local diatom zones are recognized in the section, providing a detailed stratigraphic division of the Baikal sediments. The distribution of diatom frustules and the diatom zones are correlated with the marine isotope stratigraphy. Climate played an important role in the formation of species of plankton diatoms in the lake. More than 21 new species of diatoms appear and then disappear in the section. Diatom species extinguished when glaciations began, and new species appeared during interglaciations. This suggests that the evolution of plankton diatoms in Baikal is under climatic control. Article 2001 Russian 00167886 Geologiya i Geofizika 42 108 – 129 1-2 https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0012522733&partnerID=40&md5=55aa0d0c3b2c34d8203972ffe152b813 Cited by: 27 G.K. Khursevich E.B. Karabanov A.A. Prokopenko D.F. Williams M.I. Kuz'min S.A. Fedenya A.N. Gvozdkov E.V. Kerber article Solotchina2001146 By comparing the compositions of glacial and interglacial intervals of the Late Pliocene, Pleistocene, and Holocene from different parts of Lake Baikal, we demonstrate the use of the Baikal clay mineral associations as indicators of past changes of environment and climate. The methodical part of this work discusses the optimal sample preparation techniques and develops the previously suggested method for structural modeling of X-ray diffraction patterns as the most suitable for studying the Baikal sediments. The clay mineral associations in the Selenga delta area and at the Akademichesky Ridge are very similar, thus indicating a minor influence of local sediment sources on their formation. The similarities revealed by this comparison indicate uniformity of the Baikal catchment basin in terms of the processes of erosion, weathering, and supply of sediments. Despite the conditions of continuous hemipelagic sedimentation at the sites where deep drilling took place, both drill cores reveal a strong relation between the composition of clay mineral associations and paleoclimatic conditions. Intervals if glacial sediments during both the Late Pleistocene and the Late Pliocene are similar and are characterized by dramatic enrichment in well-crystallized mica (muscovite) and plagioclase, indicating intensification of physical weathering under cold climatic conditions. Interglacial intervals are enriched in fine illite, which suggests that it is a secondary mineral, the product of chemical weathering. In addition, the content of smectite layers in mixe layer illite-smectite increases during interglacials, which is also likely to imply a warmer and more humid climate. The lower interval of the BDP-96 core with the age over 4.5 Ma is characterized by an anomalous composition: high content of illite-smectite with a high concentration of smectite component, the presence of chlorite-smectite, and low contents of illite and muscovite. This specific mineral association has formed under climatic conditions much warmer than at present. Article 2001 Russian 00167886 Geologiya i Geofizika 42 146 – 156 1-2 https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0008807929&partnerID=40&md5=cce10ade76d69d170e9add8be5bd2b80 Cited by: 11 E.P. Solotchina A.A. Prokopenko M.I. Kuz'min A.N. Vasilevskii S.G. Shul'zhenko incollection AMANO2000315 2000 978-0-444-50434-0 https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-044450434-0/50029-9 Lake Baikal Elsevier Science B.V.

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Koji Minoura 315-323 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444504340500299 M. Amano Y. Koyama E.A. Petrov A. Hayano N. Miyazaki incollection K2000324 2000 978-0-444-50434-0 https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-044450434-0/50030-5 Lake Baikal Elsevier Science B.V.

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Koji Minoura 324-330 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444504340500305 K. Martens I. Schön incollection SAKAI200035 2000 978-0-444-50434-0 https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-044450434-0/50004-4 Lake Baikal Elsevier Science B.V.

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Koji Minoura 35-52 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444504340500044 H. Sakai S. Nomura M. Horii K. Kashiwaya A. Tanaka T. Kawai V. Kravchinsky J. Peck incollection K200053 2000 978-0-444-50434-0 https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-044450434-0/50005-6 Lake Baikal Elsevier Science B.V.

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Koji Minoura 53-70 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444504340500056 K. Kashiwaya A. Tanaka H. Sakai T. Kawai incollection KARABANOV200071 2000 978-0-444-50434-0 https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-044450434-0/50006-8 Lake Baikal Elsevier Science B.V.

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Koji Minoura 71-84 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444504340500068 E.B. Karabanov M.I. Kuzmin A.A. Prokopenko D.F. Williams G.K. Khursevich E.V. Bezrukova E.V. Kerber Gvozdkov {A. N.} Gelety {V. F.} Weil D. Schwab M. incollection D200085 2000 978-0-444-50434-0 https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-044450434-0/50007-X Lake Baikal Elsevier Science B.V.

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Koji Minoura 85-89 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978044450434050007X D. Demske B. Mohr H. Oberhänsli incollection J200090 2000 978-0-444-50434-0 https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-044450434-0/50008-1 Lake Baikal Elsevier Science B.V.

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Koji Minoura 90-100 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444504340500081 J. Müller J. Kasbohm H. Oberhänsli M. Melles H.W. Hubberten incollection KAWAMURO2000101 2000 978-0-444-50434-0 https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-044450434-0/50009-3 Lake Baikal Elsevier Science B.V.

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Koji Minoura 101-107 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444504340500093 K. Kawamuro K. Shichi Y. Hase A. Iwauchi K. Minoura T. Oda H. Takahara H. Sakai Y. Morita N. Miyoshi M.I. Kuzmin incollection TAKAHARA2000108 2000 978-0-444-50434-0 https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-044450434-0/50010-X Lake Baikal Elsevier Science B.V.

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Koji Minoura 108-118 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978044450434050010X H. Takahara S.K. Krivonogov E.V. Bezrukova N. Miyoshi Y. Morita T. Nakamura Y. Hase Y Shinomiya K. Kawamuro incollection MASHIKO2000299 2000 978-0-444-50434-0 https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-044450434-0/50027-5 Lake Baikal Elsevier Science B.V.

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Koji Minoura 299-305 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444504340500275 K. Mashiko R. Kamaltynov H. Morino D.Yu. Sherbakov article Kuzmin20001347 The mineral assemblage of Pliocene - Pleistocene bottom sediments of Lake Baikal, exposed by the deep-sea BDP-96-2 (Baikal Drilling Project) has been studied by the methods of XRD and IR spectroscopy. Complex XRD patterns of clay minerals have been modeled using an advanced algorithm based on calculation of interference function from one-dimensional disordered crystals of finite thickness. The modeling implies fitting of theoretical to observed patterns and optimization procedure by methods of nonlinear programming. It has been shown that major clay minerals in the sediments that formed for the past 2.5 Ma during cold stages are illite-illite-smectites with predominantly illite layers, and chlorite; the principal clay minerals in the sediments that formed during warm periods are smectite, illite-smectites with high contents of smectite layers, and chlorite-smectites. These data allow unravelling the climate history of Lake Baikal from biogenic silica record. Article 2000 Russian 00167886 Geologiya i Geofizika 41 1347 – 1359 10 https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0000839938&partnerID=40&md5=ff295adc72870ab812aa0e1aee1716d0 Cited by: 5 M.I. Kuz'min E.P. Solotchina A.N. Vasilevskii V.N. Stolpovskaya E.B. Karabanov V.F. Geletii V.A. Bychinskii G.N. Anoshin S.G. Shul'zhenko article Horiuchi2000562 Sedimentary 10Be records covering the last 150 kyr were obtained from three cores collected at the Academician Ridge (BDP-96/hole2 core and VER96/st.3 core) and at the Buguldeika Saddle (BDP-93/hole2 core) in Lake Baikal. The 10Be concentrations of the three cores varied between 0.5 × 109 and 1.5 × 109 atoms/g, and coincidently dropped at the stratigraphic intervals of marine oxygen isotope stages (MIS) 2, 4, 5d and 6. The depositional fluxes of 10Be, on the other hand, generally rose in those stages having an increase in the dry bulk densities and sediment accumulation rates. These results are consistent with previous work (Horiuchi et al., 1999), suggesting that the dilution effects of low-10Beconcentration particles principally controlled the fluctuations of the 10Be concentrations of Lake Baikal sediments. Low-10Be-concentration particles have been intensively produced by mechanical weathering and physical erosion under the cold and dry climatic conditions during the peak glaciation period, and have been directly brought from the source areas into the lake as a result of the thin vegetative cover of the watershed. © 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. Article 2000 English 0168583X 10.1016/S0168-583X(00)00100-2 Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 172 Elsevier 562 – 567 1-4 Beryllium; Climate change; Erosion; Glacial geology; Lakes; Oxygen; Radioisotopes; Sediments; Stratigraphy; Watersheds; Weathering; Accelerated mass spectrometry; Marine oxygen isotope stages; Marine sediments; Mass spectrometry https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0034290749&doi=10.1016%2fS0168-583X%2800%2900100-2&partnerID=40&md5=b696d7616dbe29eeb4c90e7f21c87a99 Cited by: 7 K. Horiuchi K. Kobayashi T. Oda T. Nakamura C. Fujimura H. Matsuzaki Y. Shibata article Phedorin2000400 The paper presents a comparison of the profiles of biogenic silica (BiSi), Br and Nd in the first 20 m of the BDP-96-2 core of sediments of Lake Baikal obtained on top of the underwater Akademichesky Ridge. The concentrations of the two elements mentioned were measured by X-ray fluorescent analysis with synchrotron radiation (SR-XFA) at 10 cm intervals. Br correlates positively, and Nd negatively with BiSi. Spectral analysis of the profiles revealed the 100, 41, 23 and 19 kyr major external forcing periods. We studied the elemental composition of extant diatom algae of Lake Baikal in order to find out whether any elements are bound by them specifically. SR-XFA revealed, among others that Br is accumulated by extant diatom algae of Lake Baikal, presumably due to incorporation into their organic matter. Br can be regarded as a new proxy of the paleo-productivity of Lake Baikal. The paper also considers arguments suggesting that the first 2 m of sediment are missing in the BDP-96-2 core. Article 2000 English 01689002 10.1016/S0168-9002(99)00726-3 Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 448 Elsevier Science B.V. 400 – 406 1 Bromine; Geochemistry; Lakes; Neodymium; Organic compounds; Sediments; Silica; Spectrum analysis; Synchrotron radiation; Biogenic silica; Lake Baikal; Paleoclimate indicators; Sedimentary geochemistry; X ray fluorescence analysis; X ray analysis https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0034207522&doi=10.1016%2fS0168-9002%2899%2900726-3&partnerID=40&md5=c7f1762c2524052ef24e31c7a6caa13c Cited by: 37 M.A. Phedorin E.L. Goldberg M.A. Grachev O.L. Levina O.M. Khlystov I.P. Dolbnya article Phedorin2000217 A new technique for the determination of uranium and thorium in lacustrine sediments is based on non-destructive synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence analysis (SR-XRF) of sediment samples using monochromatic beams of different energies as excitation sources, with the recording and subsequent iterative processing of the X-ray fluorescence spectra. The technique has a multielement capability and enables fast, simultaneous analysis of a few tens of elements. The proposed SR-XRF technique was tested against INAA and ICP-MS methods and showed a number of advantages with a generally good correlation of results by the three methods. Uranium and Th profiles have been measured at a time resolution of 2 kyr in a drill core (BDP-96) from Lake Baikal bottom sediments deposited between 780 and 40 kyr BP. During this time span, peaks in the U and U/Th concentration marked "warm" climates. Oscillations of U and U/Th in Baikal bottom sediments during the Brunhes chron reflect climate-induced global change in the volume of polar ice, controlled by long-term cyclicity of the Earth's orbital parameters. The response of these "warm" periods is similar to that observed earlier in shorter cores that span the two last interglacials (220-0 kyr BP). Review 2000 English 01505505 10.1111/j.1751-908X.2000.tb00773.x Geostandards Newsletter 24 217 – 226 2 https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33745133660&doi=10.1111%2fj.1751-908X.2000.tb00773.x&partnerID=40&md5=308d9ba7884b1c69f2928f479a451375 Cited by: 7 Michael A. Phedorin Evgeny L. Goldberg Vladislav A. Bobrov Oleg M. Khlystov Michael A. Grachev article Kuzmin2000183 With this paper we present a first attempt to combine the direct results on lithology, composition and age dating in the boreholes BDP-93, BDP-96 and BDP-97 with geological and seismic data from the areas where those sections were drilled. The sedimentary environments represented by the BDP boreholes are markedly different and possess characteristic lithological features. The results of the deep drilling provide the essential means for testing numerous age models used in geological reconstructions of the Lake Baikal rifting dynamics. Neither the basin-wide unconformity interpreted from seismic data, nor the interpreted change from shallow-water to deep-water facies at the boundary of the seismic stratigraphic complexes were found in the BDP-96 boreholes on Academician Ridge. Also, lithology does not support the proposed reconstructions of intense lake level fluctuations and transgressions during the Pliocene at Academician Ridge. The continuous deep-water hemipelagic sedimentation at Academician Ridge has existed for the past 5 Ma. The beginning of an intense rifting phase of the Neobaikalian sub-stage and related drastic changes in sedimentation processes were interpreted on seismic sections as the basin-wide unconformity B10. Different age estimates for this boundary ranged from Late Pliocene (3.5 Ma) to Plio-Pleistocene boundary. As shown by BDP-96 borehole, B10 is associated with a lithological change from diatomaceous ooze to dense silty clay and not with an erosional contact. The new age for this boundary in BDP-96 is approximately 2.5 Ma. This new age constraint suggests that the upper sedimentary strata of Northern Baikal (1.5-1.7 km thick) have formed during the past 2.5 Ma with average sedimentation rates of 60-70 cm/ka. The BDP-93 boreholes at Buguldeika suggest that uplift in Primorsky Range took place prior to 1.07-1.31 Ma, a date which exceeds the age of previous geological models. Article 2000 English 14373254 10.1007/s005310000090 International Journal of Earth Sciences 89 183 – 192 2 Russian Federation; depositional environment; paleoclimate; paleoenvironment; Pliocene; Quaternary; rifting; sedimentation rate https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0033792304&doi=10.1007%2fs005310000090&partnerID=40&md5=fa8d153190b05820a1c651fbda7272dd Cited by: 53 M.I. Kuzmin E.B. Karabanov A.A. Prokopenko V.F. Gelety V.S. Antipin D.F. Williams A.N. Gvozdkov article Karabanov2000211 Article 2000 10.1016/S0031-0182(99)00141-8 Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 156 211 – 224 3-4 https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0034161734&doi=10.1016%2fS0031-0182%2899%2900141-8&partnerID=40&md5=f1a572e3a37d5b56659d3935fceeaca6 Cited by: 77 E.B. Karabanov A.A. Prokopenko D.F. Williams G.K. Khursevich incollection YABE2000306 2000 978-0-444-50434-0 https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-044450434-0/50028-7 Lake Baikal Elsevier Science B.V.

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Koji Minoura 306-314 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444504340500287 M. Yabe V.G. Sideleva incollection NAKATA2000281 2000 978-0-444-50434-0 https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-044450434-0/50026-3 Lake Baikal Elsevier Science B.V.

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Koji Minoura 281-298 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444504340500263 H. Nakata S. Tanabe H. Iwata M. Amano N. Miyazaki E.A. Petrov R. Tatsukawa incollection KOVAL2000176 2000 978-0-444-50434-0 https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-044450434-0/50017-2 Lake Baikal Elsevier Science B.V.

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Koji Minoura 176-185 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444504340500172 P.V. Koval A.N. Gvozdkov V.A. Romanov incollection KUZUMIN20001 2000 978-0-444-50434-0 https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-044450434-0/50002-0 Lake Baikal Elsevier Science B.V.

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Koji Minoura 1-14 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444504340500020 M.I. Kuzumin D.F. Williams T. Kawai incollection MATSUMOTO2000119 2000 978-0-444-50434-0 https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-044450434-0/50011-1 Lake Baikal Elsevier Science B.V.

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Koji Minoura 119-126 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444504340500111 G.I. Matsumoto S. Kosaku N. Takamatsu T. Akagi T. Kawai Y. Ambe incollection TAKAMATSU2000127 2000 978-0-444-50434-0 https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-044450434-0/50012-3 Lake Baikal Elsevier Science B.V.

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Koji Minoura 127-135 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444504340500123 N. Takamatsu I.G. Matsumoto N. Kato T. Kawai incollection KIPFER2000273 2000 978-0-444-50434-0 https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-044450434-0/50025-1 Lake Baikal Elsevier Science B.V.

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Koji Minoura 273-280 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444504340500251 R. Kipfer F. Peeters incollection KHURSEVICH2000146 2000 978-0-444-50434-0 https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-044450434-0/50014-7 Lake Baikal Elsevier Science B.V.

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Koji Minoura 146-154 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444504340500147 G.K. Khursevich E.B. Karabanov D.F. Williams M.I. Kuzmin A.A. Prokopenko incollection TAKAMATSU2000155 2000 978-0-444-50434-0 https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-044450434-0/50015-9 Lake Baikal Elsevier Science B.V.

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Koji Minoura 155-164 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444504340500159 T. Takamatsu T. Kawai M. Nishikawa incollection KOVAL2000165 2000 978-0-444-50434-0 https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-044450434-0/50016-0 Lake Baikal Elsevier Science B.V.

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Koji Minoura 165-175 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444504340500160 P.V. Koval G.V. Kalmychkov V.F. Geletyi L.D. Andrulaitis incollection ECKERT2000136 2000 978-0-444-50434-0 https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-044450434-0/50013-5 Lake Baikal Elsevier Science B.V.

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Koji Minoura 136-145 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444504340500135 C. Eckert E.V. Veinberg U. Kienel H. Oberhänsli incollection SEMOVSKI2000186 2000 978-0-444-50434-0 https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-044450434-0/50018-4 Lake Baikal Elsevier Science B.V.

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Koji Minoura 186-199 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444504340500184 S.V. Semovski incollection SEMOVSKI2000200 2000 978-0-444-50434-0 https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-044450434-0/50019-6 Lake Baikal Elsevier Science B.V.

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Koji Minoura 200-213 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444504340500196 S.V. Semovski incollection GRANIN2000214 2000 978-0-444-50434-0 https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-044450434-0/50020-2 Lake Baikal Elsevier Science B.V.

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Koji Minoura 214-228 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444504340500202 N.G. Granin R. Yu. Gnatovsky A. Kay L.M. Galkin incollection MATS200015 2000 978-0-444-50434-0 https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-044450434-0/50003-2 Lake Baikal Elsevier Science B.V.

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Koji Minoura 15-34 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444504340500032 V.D. Mats S. Fujii K. Mashiko E.Yu. Osipov I.M. Yefrimova A.V. Klimansky incollection TG2000229 2000 978-0-444-50434-0 https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-044450434-0/50021-4 Lake Baikal Elsevier Science B.V.

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Koji Minoura 229-235 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444504340500214 G. Potyomkina L. Potyomkin incollection SOROKOVIKOVA2000236 2000 978-0-444-50434-0 https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-044450434-0/50022-6 Lake Baikal Elsevier Science B.V.

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Koji Minoura 236-246 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444504340500226 L.M. Sorokovikova T.V. Khodzher V.N. Sinyukovich L.P. Golobokova N.D. Bashenkhaeva O.G. Netsvetaeva incollection KUCKLICK2000247 2000 978-0-444-50434-0 https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-044450434-0/50023-8 Lake Baikal Elsevier Science B.V.

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Koji Minoura 247-261 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444504340500238 J.R. Kucklick J.E Baker incollection OGAWA2000262 2000 978-0-444-50434-0 https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-044450434-0/50024-X Lake Baikal Elsevier Science B.V.

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Koji Minoura 262-272 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978044450434050024X N.O. Ogawa K. Yoshii N.G. Melnik N.A. Bondarenko O.A. Timoshkin N.S. Smirnova-Zalumi V.V. Smirnov E. Wada article Karabanov19991269 In 1996, boreholes BDP-96-1 and BDP-96 penetrated the bottom sediments of Lake Baikal. From the lithological and geochemical correlation of the sediments, the loss from the upper layer of sediments in the cores is estimated: 630 cm (BDP-96-1) and 19 cm (BDP-96-2). Correlation of these cores with the 120 cm long core from borehole GC-1, taken with a gravity corer during the drilling through the lake ice, permits compilation of a general continuous record of climatic changes in Central Asia for the last 5 Ma and prevention of loss of Holocene sediments. Article 1999 Russian 00167886 Geologiya i Geofizika 40 1269 – 1271 8 https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-24944540433&partnerID=40&md5=049c9b51fff3223a10552b9c7ce8f876 Cited by: 0 E.B. Karabanov M.I. Kuz'min V.F. Geletii G.V. Kalraychkov A.N. Gvozdkov article Duchkov1999287 Data on the geotemperature field of the central part of the Baikal Rift Zone (BRZ) and adjacent regions of the Siberian Platform and Transbaikalia are summarized. About 800 measurements of heat flow were made here, 700 of them were carried out in the Baikal basin (shallow-depth measurements in the upper layer of sediments). The average heat flow through the Baikal bottom is 71±21 mW/m2. At some sites of the bottom extremely high flows (up to 6000-8000 mW/m2) confined to the local centers of discharge of underwater sources have been revealed. In the montane framing of the rift troughs heat flow is much less intense - no more than 15-40 mW/m2. In the south of the Siberian Platform and in Transbaikalia average heat flow is 40±9 and 52±11 mW/m2, respectively. This differentiated heat flow distribution in the BRZ is, probably, the result of active water exchange in intermount artesian basins, which leads to cooling of feeding zones (mountain ridges) by meteogenic waters and further warming-up of the sedimentary cover of these basins (discharge areas). Special studies in the North-Muya tunnel supported this hypothesis. The validity of numerous shallow-depth measurements of heat flow in Lake Baikal is corroborated by the temperatures measured in the first underwater boreholes BDP-93 and BDP-96. By the location of the lower boundary of the gas hydrate layer of the Baikal sediments, 500 estimates of heat flow in the Southern and Central basins were made. In accordance roith these estimates, average heat flow is 76±10 mW/m2, which also corroborates the above average heat flow value. Heat flow data were used to forecast deep temperatures by the geothermal method. The paper analyzes the forecast temperature distributions at depths of 10, 20, 30, and 40 km. The validity of a geothermal forecast for the rift troughs is corroborated by the results of thermobarometric study of mineral inclusions from deep-seated volcanites of East Sayan and the Vitim Plateau. These data also evidence that heat flow and deep temperatures within the BRZ are underestimated. Article 1999 Russian 00167886 Geologiya i Geofizika 40 287 – 303 3 https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0000226202&partnerID=40&md5=a20693245e0c69213ab1de98313c4f5e Cited by: 16 A.D. Duchkov S.V. Lysak V.A. Golubev R.P. Dorofeeva L.S. Sokolova article Yuretich1999588 Lake Baikal, in south-central Siberia, has been the focus of an international effort (the Baikal Drilling Project; BDP) to obtain continuous long cores (upwards of 100 m) from this unique rift-valley lake and to interpret the paleoclimatic history from various proxy data. As part of this effort, the clay minerals were examined by two research teams. A consistent clay-mineral assemblage, containing illite, inter-stratified illite-smectite, chlorite, and kaolinite as the major minerals, characterizes much of the modern sediments. The relative abundance of these minerals changes with depth in both short piston cores from various parts of the lake and in 100-m-long cores taken from the distal toe of the Selenga Delta (BDP-93). Independent analyses of the abundance changes and correlation with other data from the cores show that the clays are responding to two influences: (1) climatic fluctuations, particularly in the upper 40 m of the sedimentary record, which show the relative amount of illite-smectite (and sometimes kaolinite) increasing during warmer climate episodes, and (2) source-area changes, which are most evident below 40 m in the BDP-93 cores and mark a shift from an eastern (Buguldeika River) to a western (Selenga River) source. The clay-mineral-based climate fluctuations are correlative with the marine oxygen-isotope record through stage 7, and provide a relatively simple and cost-effective tool for gaining insight into the paleoclimate of this interior continental site. Article 1999 English 15271404 10.1306/D4268A45-2B26-11D7-8648000102C1865D Journal of Sedimentary Research 69 588 – 596 3 Russian Federation; clay mineral; proxy climate record; stratigraphic correlation https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0002809861&doi=10.1306%2fD4268A45-2B26-11D7-8648000102C1865D&partnerID=40&md5=befff1a4e0ebe60aa1ea8a244385d596 Cited by: 47 Richard Yuretich Martin Melles Brenn Sarata Hannes Grobe article https://doi.org/10.1029/97EO00358 From January to March 1996, an ice-based drilling platform (Figure 1) was positioned in 321 m of water above a submerged topographic high known as the Academician Ridge of Lake Baikal, south-central Siberia (Figure 2). The Russian Nedra drilling team expertly used this system to recover the first sediment cores from this region to span the last 5 m.y. before present (Ma). This operation was complicated and dangerous: there were constantly shifting blocks of ice nearly 1 m thick, the location was surrounded by wilderness areas nearly 400 km from the nearest population center (Irkutsk), and supplies and personnel had to travel 90 km over the ice pressure ridges in 4-wheel motorcycles and small vehicles. 1997 https://doi.org/10.1029/97EO00358 Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 78 597-601 51 https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/97EO00358 Baikal Drilling Project BDP-96 (Leg II) Members article Colman19973 The Baikal Drilling Project (BDP) is a multinational effort to investigate the paleoclimatic history and tectonic evolution of the Baikal sedimentary basin during the Late Neogene. In March 1993 the Baikal drilling system was successfuly deployed from a barge frozen into position over a topographic high, termed the Buguldeika saddle, in the southern basin of Lake Baikal. The BDP-93 scientific team, made up of Russian, American and Japanese scientists, successfully recovered the first long (>100 m) hydraulic piston cores from two holes in 354 m of water. High quality cores of 98 m (Hole 1) and 102 m (Hole 2), representing sedimentation over the last 500,000 years, were collected in 78 mm diameter plastic liners with an average recovery of 72% and 90%, respectively. Magnetic susceptibility logging reveals an excellent hole-to-hole correlation. In this report the scientific team describes the preliminary analytical results from BDP-93 hole 1 cores. Radiocarbon dating by accelerator mass spectrometry provides an accurate chronology for the upper portion of Hole 1. Detailed lithologic characteristics, rock magnetic properties and inorganic element distributions show a significant change to the depositional environment occuring at 50 m subbottom depth, approximately 250,000 BP. This change may be due to uplift and rotation of the horst block in the Buguldeika saddle. The sedimentary section above 50 m is pelitic with varve-like laminae, whereas the section below 50 m contains a high proportion of sand and gravel horizons often organized into turbidite sequences. Accordingly, high resolution seismic records reveal a change in sonic velocity at this depth. It is inferred that sedimentation prior to 250 ka BP was from the west via the Buguldeika river system. After 250 ka BP the Buguldeika saddle reflects an increase in hemipelagic sediments admixed with fine-grained material from the Selenga River drainage basin, east of Lake Baikal. Variations in the spore-pollen assemblage, diatoms, biogenic silica content, rock magnetic properties, clay mineralogy and organic carbon in the upper 50 m of BDP-93-1 reveal a detailed record of climate change over approximately the last 250,000 years. These variables alternate in a pattern characteristic of glacial/interglacial climatic fluctuations. The present age model suggests that the climate signal recorded in Lake Baikal sediments is similar to Late Quaternary signals recorded in Chinese loess sections and in marine sediments. Copyright © 1996 INQUA/ Elsevier Science Ltd. Article 1997 English 10406182 10.1016/1040-6182(96)00027-4 Quaternary International 37 Elsevier Ltd 3 – 17 Russian Federation, Siberia, Lake Baikal, Buguldeika Saddle; borehole logging; palaeoclimate; sedimentation; tectonics https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0030928007&doi=10.1016%2f1040-6182%2896%2900027-4&partnerID=40&md5=36046262fdada2ba5749cd914efc9a2d Cited by: 57 S. Colman M. Grachev P. Hearn S. Horie T. Kawai N. Logachov V. Antipin V. Fialkov A. Gorigljad B. Tomilov B. Khakhaev S. Kochikov V. Lykov L. Pevzner A. Bucharov N. Logachev V. Mats A. Bardardinov E. Karabanov E. Baranova O. Khlystov V. Khrachenko M. Shimaraeva E. Kornakova S. Efremova E. Stolbova A. Gvozdkov V. Kravchinski T. Fileva S. Kashik T. Khramtsova I. Kalashnikova T. Rasskazova V. Tatarnikova R. Yuretich V. Mazilov K. Takemura V. Bobrov T. Gunicheva H. Haraguchi S. Ito T. Kocho M. Kuzmin M. Markova V. Pampura O. Proidakova H. Sawatari A. Takeuchi K. Toyoda S. Vorobieva A. Ikeda A. Marui T. Nakamura K. Ogura T. Ohta J. King J. Peck H. Sakai T. Yokoyama A. Hayashida E. Bezrukova S. Fowell N. Fuji P. Letunova V. Misharina N. Miyoshi G. Chernyaeva I. Ignatova E. Likhoshvai E. Stoermer L. Granina O. Levina P. Dolgikh R. Ishiwatari F. Lazo N. Lutskaia W. Orem E. Wada D. Williams K. Yamada S. Yamada E. Callander L. Golobokoval P. Shanks R. Dorofeeva A. Duchkov article Peck199611365 We have conducted a paleomagnetic study of sediment cores obtained from the Selenga prodelta region of Lake Baikal, Russia. This record, which spans approximately the last 84 kyr, contributes to a better understanding of the nature of geomagnetic field behavior in Siberia and is a useful correlation and dating tool. We demonstrate that the Lake Baikal sediments are recording variations in the geomagnetic field. The directional record displays secular variation behavior with a geomagnetic excursion at 20 ka and additional excursions appearing as large-amplitude secular variation at 41, 61, and 67 ka. Smoothing of the geomagnetic excursion behavior occurs in Lake Baikal sediments owing to the intermediate sedimentation rate (13 cm kyr-1). The Lake Baikal relative paleointensity record correlates to absolute paleointensity data for the last 10 kyr and to relative paleointensity records from the Mediterranean Sea and Indian Ocean for the last 84 kyr. This correlation suggests a strong global (i.e., dipole) component to these records and further supports the reliability of sediments as recorders of relative geomagnetic paleointensity. We show that a relative geomagnetic intensity stratigraphy has a potential resolution of 7 kyr by correlating continental and marine records. The geomagnetic intensity stratigraphy helps constrain the age of the difficult to date Lake Baikal sediments. Article 1996 English 21699313 10.1029/96jb00328 Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 101 American Geophysical Union 11365 – 11385 5 Russian Federation, Lake Baikal; geomagnetic field; palaeointensity; palaeomagnetism; Quaternary; secular variation https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0029749674&doi=10.1029%2f96jb00328&partnerID=40&md5=32a120ebec8d782d0135b11fe3b4ddba Cited by: 105 J.A. Peck J.W. King S.M. Colman V.A. Kravchinsky article Colman1995769 CHANGES in insolation caused by periodic changes in the Earth's orbital parameters provide the primary forcing for global ice ages1–6. But it is not clear to what extent the climates in continental interiors are controlled directly by regional variations in insolation and to what extent they are driven instead by the highly nonlinear response of the oceans and ice sheets. Here we investigate this question using the record of biogenic silica in Lake Baikal as a proxy for climate change in this high-latitude mid-continental region. We find a good correlation between this record and that of marine oxygen isotopes4. Over the past 250 kyr the Baikal record exhibits both a strongly nonlinear component (manifested in a 100-kyr periodicity) and weaker direct-insolation components (manifested in the 41-kyr (obliquity) and 23- and 19-kyr (precession) orbital cycles). These results show that even though extreme continental climates such as this are influenced directly by insolation variations, they are dominated by the nonlinear rhythm of the oceans and ice sheets. © 1995 Nature Publishing Group. Article 1995 English 00280836 10.1038/378769a0 Nature 378 769 – 771 6559 Russian Federation, Lake Baikal; silicon dioxide; biogenic silica; climate response; continental climate; ice sheet dynamics; ocean dynamics; orbital forcing; climate; climate change; custody; dynamics; heat stroke; lake; orbit; rhythm; Russian Federation; sea https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0029515401&doi=10.1038%2f378769a0&partnerID=40&md5=20d4993cd7fd15419ea49568928dcccf Cited by: 241 S.M. Colman J.A. Peck E.B. Karabanov S.J. Carter J.P. Bradbury J.W. King D.F. Williams article Peck1994221 Rock-magnetic measurements of sediment cores from the Academician Ridge region of Lake Baikal, Siberia show variations related to Late Quaternary climate change. Based upon the well-dated last glacial-interglacial transition, variations in magnetic concentration and mineralogy are related to glacial-interglacial cycles using a conceptual model. Interglacial intervals are characterized by low magnetic concentrations and a composition that is dominated by low coercivity minerals. Glacial intervals are characterized by high magnetic concentrations and increased amounts of high coercivity minerals. The variation in magnetic concentration is consistent with dilution by diatom opal during the more productive interglacial periods. We also infer an increased contribution of eolian sediment during the colder, windier, and more arid glacial conditions when extensive loess deposits were formed throughout Europe and Asia. Eolian transport is inferred to deliver increased amounts of high coercivity minerals as staining on eolian grains during the glacial intervals. Variations in magnetic concentration and mineralogy of Lake Baikal sediment correlate to the SPECMAP marine oxygen-isotope record. The high degree of correlation between Baikal magnetic concentration/mineralogy and the SPECMAP oxygen-isotope record indicates that Lake Baikal sediment preserves a history of climate change in central Asia for the last 250 ka. This correlation provides a method of estimating the age of sediment beyond the range of the radiocarbon method. Future work must include providing better age control and additional climate proxy data, thereby strengthening the correlation of continental and marine climate records. © 1994. Article 1994 English 0012821X 10.1016/0012-821X(94)90062-0 Earth and Planetary Science Letters 122 221 – 238 1-2 Russian Federation, Lake Baikal; Russian Federation, Siberia, Lake Baikal; aeolian transport; climate change; marine oxygen isotope record; oxygen isotope; Quaternary; rock magnetic record https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0028192190&doi=10.1016%2f0012-821X%2894%2990062-0&partnerID=40&md5=c01c59b4ce68615b063251c79dae314d Cited by: 150 J.A. Peck J.W. King S.M. Colman V.A. Kravchinsky article 2395 1993 Russian Geology and Geophysics 34 55-63 id: 191 S. M. Colman V. M. Kuptsov G. A. Jones S. J. Carter article 1992457 Lake Baikal, a Miocene‐age rift lake in southeastern Siberia, is an especially promising site for paleoclimate studies. Its high‐latitude location (52°–56°N) makes it particularly sensitive to changes in solar insolation due to long‐period variations in the Earth's orbital parameters. These variations are widely believed to be the main forcing functions of climate change in the Quaternary [Hays et al., 1976; Imbrie et al., 1984. The extreme continentality of the climate in southeastern Siberia makes Baikal an ideal location to study temporal changes in seasonality. Baikal is also one of the few high‐latitude lakes that has not been glaciated during the last 1–2 million years [Grosswald, 1980], although a record of glaciation in its drainage basin is preserved in the lake sediments. Finally, Lake Baikal is the largest (23,000 km3), the deepest (1640 m), and one of the oldest extant lake systems in the world. The sedimentary section in the Baikal depression is more than 7 km thick and probably spans more than 15 million years [Hutchinson et al., 1992]. Accordingly, Lake Baikal sediments represent one of the longest and most complete continental climate records available anywhere in the world. ©1992. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved. Article 1992 English 00963941 10.1029/91EO00340 Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 73 457 – 462 43 Russian Federation, Lake Baikal; age determination; dating; palaeoclimate; Pleistocene/Holocene boundary; sediment core; seismic reflection profile https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0027098780&doi=10.1029%2f91EO00340&partnerID=40&md5=8ba9ffd4fb7a5a00abfab9a24ee63e02 Cited by: 27